ADF4159_14 [ADI]
Direct Modulation/Fast Waveform Generating,;
| 型号： | ADF4159_14 |
| 厂家： | 
ADI |
| 描述： | Direct Modulation/Fast Waveform Generating, |
| 文件： | 总36页 (文件大小：653K) |
| 中文： | 中文翻译 | 下载： | 下载PDF数据表文档文件 |
Direct Modulation/Fast Waveform Generating,
13 GHz, Fractional-N Frequency Synthesizer
Data Sheet
ADF4159
FEATURES
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
RF bandwidth to 13 GHz
High and low speed FMCW ramp generation
The ADF4159 is a 13 GHz, fractional-N frequency synthesizer
with modulation and both fast and slow waveform generation
25-bit fixed modulus allows subhertz frequency resolution
PFD frequencies up to 110 MHz
capability. The part uses a 25-bit fixed modulus, allowing subhertz
frequency resolution.
Normalized phase noise floor of −224 dBc/Hz
FSK and PSK functions
Sawtooth, triangular, and parabolic waveform generation
Ramp superimposed with FSK
Ramp with 2 different sweep rates
Ramp delay, frequency readback, and interrupt functions
Programmable phase control
2.7 V to 3.45 V analog power supply
1.8 V digital power supply
Programmable charge pump currents
3-wire serial interface
Digital lock detect
ESD performance: 3000 V HBM, 1000 V CDM
Qualified for automotive applications
The ADF4159 consists of a low noise digital phase frequency
detector (PFD), a precision charge pump, and a programmable
reference divider. The Σ-Δ-based fractional interpolator allows
programmable fractional-N division. The INT and FRAC registers
define an overall N divider as N = INT + (FRAC/225).
The ADF4159 can be used to implement frequency shift keying
(FSK) and phase shift keying (PSK) modulation. Frequency sweep
modes are also available to generate various waveforms in the
frequency domain, for example, sawtooth and triangular wave-
forms. Sweeps can be set to run automatically or with each step
manually triggered by an external pulse. The ADF4159 features
cycle slip reduction circuitry, which enables faster lock times
without the need for modifications to the loop filter.
Control of all on-chip registers is via a simple 3-wire interface. The
ADF4159 operates with an analog power supply in the range of
2.7 V to 3.45 V and a digital power supply in the range of 1.62 V
to 1.98 V. The device can be powered down when not in use.
APPLICATIONS
FMCW radars
Communications test equipment
Communications infrastructure
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
AV
DV
SDV
V
R
SET
DD
DD
DD
P
ADF4159
SW2
CP
REFERENCE
5-BIT
R COUNTER
×2
REF
IN
DOUBLER
÷2
DIVIDER
+
–
PHASE
FREQUENCY
DETECTOR
CHARGE
PUMP
HIGH-Z
CSR
DGND
LOCK
DETECT
FAST LOCK
SWITCH
SW1
OUTPUT
MUX
MUXOUT
SD
DV
OUT
DD
R
DIV
DIV
+
–
RF
RF
A
B
IN
N COUNTER
N
IN
THIRD-ORDER
FRACTIONAL
INTERPOLATOR
CE
TX
DATA
CLK
FRACTION
VALUE
MODULUS
25
VALUE
INTEGER
VALUE
32-BIT
DATA
REGISTER
DATA
LE
2
AGND
DGND
SDGND
CPGND
Figure 1.
Rev. E
Document Feedback
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Tel: 781.329.4700 ©2013–2014 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
Technical Support
www.analog.com
ADF4159
Data Sheet
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Features .............................................................................................. 1
Step Register (R6) Map.............................................................. 23
Delay Register (R7) Map ........................................................... 24
Applications Information .............................................................. 25
Initialization Sequence .............................................................. 25
RF Synthesizer Worked Example ............................................. 25
Reference Doubler...................................................................... 25
Cycle Slip Reduction for Faster Lock Times........................... 25
Modulation.................................................................................. 26
Waveform Generation ............................................................... 26
Waveform Deviations and Timing........................................... 27
Single Ramp Burst...................................................................... 27
Single Triangular Burst.............................................................. 27
Single Sawtooth Burst................................................................ 27
Sawtooth Ramp........................................................................... 27
Triangular Ramp ........................................................................ 27
FMCW Radar Ramp Settings Worked Example...................... 27
Activating the Ramp .................................................................. 28
Other Waveforms ....................................................................... 28
Ramp Complete Signal to MUXOUT ..................................... 31
External Control of Ramp Steps............................................... 31
Interrupt Modes and Frequency Readback ............................ 32
Fast Lock Mode .......................................................................... 33
Spur Mechanisms ....................................................................... 34
Filter Design Using ADIsimPLL .............................................. 34
PCB Design Guidelines for the Chip Scale Package.............. 34
Application of the ADF4159 in FMCW Radar........................... 35
Outline Dimensions....................................................................... 36
Ordering Guide .......................................................................... 36
Automotive Products................................................................. 36
Applications....................................................................................... 1
General Description ......................................................................... 1
Functional Block Diagram .............................................................. 1
Revision History ............................................................................... 3
Specifications..................................................................................... 4
Timing Specifications .................................................................. 5
Absolute Maximum Ratings............................................................ 7
Thermal Resistance ...................................................................... 7
ESD Caution.................................................................................. 7
Pin Configuration and Function Descriptions............................. 8
Typical Performance Characteristics ............................................. 9
Theory of Operation ...................................................................... 11
Reference Input Section............................................................. 11
RF Input Stage............................................................................. 11
RF INT Divider........................................................................... 11
25-Bit Fixed Modulus ................................................................ 11
INT, FRAC, and R Counter Relationship................................ 11
R Counter .................................................................................... 11
Phase Frequency Detector (PFD) and Charge Pump............ 12
MUXOUT and Lock Detect...................................................... 12
Input Shift Register..................................................................... 12
Program Modes .......................................................................... 12
Register Maps.................................................................................. 13
FRAC/INT Register (R0) Map.................................................. 15
LSB FRAC Register (R1) Map................................................... 16
R Divider Register (R2) Map .................................................... 17
Function Register (R3) Map...................................................... 19
Clock Register (R4) Map ........................................................... 21
Deviation Register (R5) Map .................................................... 22
Rev. E | Page 2 of 36
Data Sheet
ADF4159
REVISION HISTORY
7/14—Rev. D to Rev. E
6/13—Rev. A to Rev. B
Changed θJA from 30.4°C/W to 56°C/W........................................7
Changes to Single Full Triangle Section.......................................24
Changes to Timeout Interval Section...........................................27
Changed PFD Antibacklash Pulse from 3 ns to 1 ns in Phase
Frequency Detector (PFD) and Charge Pump Section..............11
Changes to Charge Pump Current Setting Section and
Reference Doubler Section ............................................................16
Changes to Negative Bleed Current Enable Section and Loss of
Lock (LOL) Section.........................................................................18
11/13—Rev. C to Rev. D
Change to General Description Section.........................................1
Moved Revision History Section.....................................................3
Changes to Table 1 ............................................................................4
Change to 25-Bit Fixed Modulus Section ....................................11
Changes to Loss of Lock (LOL) Section and Lock Detect
5/13—Revision A: Initial Version
Precision (LDP) Section.................................................................19
Changes to Σ-Δ Modulator Mode Section, Clock Divider Select
Section, and Clock Divider Mode Section...................................21
Added External Control of Ramp Steps Section and Figure 49;
Renumbered Sequentially ..............................................................31
Changes to Fast Lock Timer and Register Sequences Section,
Fast Lock Example Section, and Fast Lock Loop Filter Topology
Section ..............................................................................................33
Changes to Ordering Guide...........................................................36
9/13—Rev. B to Rev. C
Change to Features Section..............................................................1
Change to Figure 2 ............................................................................4
Changes to Figure 24 ......................................................................13
Added Σ-Δ Modulator Mode Section...........................................20
Changes to Figure 29 ......................................................................20
Change to Interrupt Modes and Frequency Readback Section......31
Change to Fast Lock Timer and Register Sequences Section....32
Changes to Ordering Guide...........................................................35
Added Automotive Products Section ...........................................35
Rev. E | Page 3 of 36
ADF4159
Data Sheet
SPECIFICATIONS
AVDD = VP = 2.7 V to 3.45 V, DVDD = SDVDD = 1.8 V, AGND = DGND = SDGND = CPGND = 0 V, fPFD = 110 MHz, TA = TMIN to TMAX
,
dBm referred to 50 Ω, unless otherwise noted.
Table 1.
Parameter1
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
Test Conditions/Comments
RF CHARACTERISTICS
RF Input Frequency (RFIN)
0.5
13
2
GHz
GHz
−10 dBm min to 0 dBm max; for lower
frequencies, ensure a slew rate ≥ 400 V/µs
For higher frequencies, use 8/9 prescaler
Prescaler Output Frequency
REFERENCE CHARACTERISTICS
REFIN Input Frequency
10
10
260
MHz
−5 dBm min to +9 dBm max biased at
1.8/2 (ac coupling ensures 1.8/2 bias); for
frequencies < 10 MHz, use a dc-coupled,
CMOS-compatible square wave with a
slew rate > 25 V/µs
Reference Doubler Enabled
REFIN Input Capacitance
REFIN Input Current
PHASE FREQUENCY DETECTOR (PFD)
Phase Detector Frequency2
CHARGE PUMP
50
1.2
100
MHz
pF
µA
Bit DB20 in Register R2 set to 1
110
MHz
ICP Sink/Source Current
High Value
Low Value
Absolute Accuracy
RSET Range
ICP Three-State Leakage Current
Sink and Source Matching
ICP vs. VCP
Programmable
RSET = 5.1 kΩ
4.8
300
2.5
5.1
1
2
2
2
mA
µA
%
kΩ
nA
%
RSET = 5.1 kΩ
4.59
5.61
Sink and source current
0.5 V < VCP < VP − 0.5 V
0.5 V < VCP < VP − 0.5 V
VCP = VP/2
%
%
ICP vs. Temperature
LOGIC INPUTS
Input High Voltage, VINH
Input Low Voltage, VINL
Input Current, IINH/IINL
Input Capacitance, CIN
LOGIC OUTPUTS
1.17
V
V
µA
pF
0.4
1
10
Output High Voltage, VOH
Output Low Voltage, VOL
Output High Current, IOH
POWER SUPPLIES
AVDD
DVDD, SDVDD
VP
AIDD
DVDD − 0.4
V
V
µA
CMOS output selected
IOL = 500 µA
0.3
100
2.7
1.62
2.7
3.45
1.98
3.45
40
V
V
V
mA
1.8
26
Supply current drawn by AVDD
PFD = 110 MHz
Supply current drawn by DVDD
PFD = 110 MHz
Supply current drawn by VP; fPFD = 110 MHz
;
f
DIDD
7.5
10
7
mA
;
f
IP
5.5
2
mA
µA
Power-Down Mode
Rev. E | Page 4 of 36
Data Sheet
ADF4159
Parameter1
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
Test Conditions/Comments
NOISE CHARACTERISTICS
Normalized Phase Noise Floor3
Integer-N Mode
Fractional-N Mode
Normalized 1/f Noise (PN1_f)4
PLL loop BW = 1 MHz
FRAC = 0; see Σ-Δ Modulator Mode section
−224
−217
−120
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
Measured at 10 kHz offset, normalized
to 1 GHz
Phase Noise Performance5
12,002 MHz Output6
At VCO output
At 50 kHz offset, 100 MHz PFD frequency
−96
dBc/Hz
1 Operating temperature: −40°C to +125°C.
2 Guaranteed by design. Sample tested to ensure compliance.
3 This specification can be used to calculate phase noise for any application. Use the formula ((Normalized Phase Noise Floor) + 10 log(fPFD) + 20 logN) to calculate
in-band phase noise performance as seen at the VCO output.
4 The PLL phase noise is composed of flicker (1/f) noise plus the normalized PLL noise floor. The formula for calculating the 1/f noise contribution at an RF frequency (fRF)
and at an offset frequency (f) is given by PN = PN1_f + 10 log(10 kHz/f) + 20 log(fRF/1 GHz). Both the normalized phase noise floor and flicker noise are modeled in ADIsimPLL.
5 The phase noise is measured with the EV-ADF4159EB3Z and the Rohde & Schwarz FSUP signal source analyzer.
6 fREFIN = 100 MHz; fPFD = 100 MHz; offset frequency = 50 kHz; RFOUT = 12,002 MHz; N = 120.02; loop bandwidth = 250 kHz.
TIMING SPECIFICATIONS
AVDD = VP = 2.7 V to 3.45 V, DVDD = SDVDD = 1.8 V, AGND = DGND = SDGND = CPGND = 0 V, TA = TMIN to TMAX, dBm referred to 50 Ω,
unless otherwise noted.
Table 2. Write Timing
Parameter
Limit at TMIN to TMAX
Unit
Description
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
t7
20
10
10
25
25
10
20
ns min
ns min
ns min
ns min
ns min
ns min
ns min
LE setup time
DATA to CLK setup time
DATA to CLK hold time
CLK high duration
CLK low duration
CLK to LE setup time
LE pulse width
Write Timing Diagram
t4
t5
CLK
t2
t3
DB2
(CONTROL BIT C3)
DB1
DB0 (LSB)
(CONTRO BIT C1)
DB30
DATA
DB31 (MSB)
(CONTROL BIT C2)
L
t7
t1
LE
t6
Figure 2. Write Timing Diagram
Rev. E | Page 5 of 36
ADF4159
Data Sheet
Table 3. Read Timing
Parameter
Limit at TMIN to TMAX
Unit
Description
1
t1
tPFD + 20
20
25
25
10
ns min
ns min
ns min
ns min
ns min
TXDATA setup time
CLK setup time to data (on MUXOUT)
CLK high duration
CLK low duration
CLK to LE setup time
t2
t3
t4
t5
1 tPFD is the period of the PFD frequency; for example, if the PFD frequency is 50 MHz, tPFD = 20 ns.
Read Timing Diagram
TXDATA
t1
t3
t4
CLK
t2
DB2
DB1
DB36
DB35
MUXOUT
DB0
t5
LE
NOTES
1. LE SHOULD BE KEPT HIGH DURING READBACK.
Figure 3. Read Timing Diagram
I
500µA
OL
TO MUXOUT
PIN
0.9V
C
L
10pF
I
100µA
OH
Figure 4. Load Circuit for MUXOUT Timing, CL = 10 pF
Rev. E | Page 6 of 36
Data Sheet
ADF4159
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
TA = 25°C, GND = AGND = DGND = SDGND = CPGND =
0 V, unless otherwise noted.
Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings
may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress
rating only; functional operation of the device at these or any
other conditions above those indicated in the operational
section of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute
maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect
device reliability.
Table 4.
Parameter
Rating
AVDD to GND
−0.3 V to +3.9 V
DVDD to GND
−0.3 V to +2.4 V
VP to GND
−0.3 V to +3.9 V
VP to AVDD
−0.3 V to +0.3 V
THERMAL RESISTANCE
Digital I/O Voltage to GND
Analog I/O Voltage to GND
REFIN to GND
RFIN to GND
Operating Temperature Range,
Industrial
Storage Temperature Range
Maximum Junction Temperature
Reflow Soldering
−0.3 V to DVDD + 0.3 V
−0.3 V to AVDD + 0.3 V
−0.3 V to DVDD + 0.3 V
−0.3 V to AVDD + 0.3 V
−40°C to +125°C
Thermal impedance (θJA) is specified for a device with the
exposed pad soldered to AGND.
Table 5. Thermal Resistance
Package Type
θJA
Unit
24-Lead LFCSP_WQ
56
°C/W
−65°C to +125°C
150°C
ESD CAUTION
Peak Temperature
Time at Peak Temperature
ESD
260°C
40 sec
Charged Device Model
Human Body Model
1000 V
3000 V
Rev. E | Page 7 of 36
ADF4159
Data Sheet
PIN CONFIGURATION AND FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS
18 SDV
CPGND 1
DD
2
MUXOUT
LE
AGND
AGND 3
RF
17
16
15
14
ADF4159
TOP VIEW
(Not to Scale)
B
4
DATA
CLK
IN
RF A 5
IN
AV
6
13 CE
DD
NOTES
1. THE LFCSP HAS AN EXPOSED PAD
THAT MUST BE CONNECTED TO AGND.
Figure 5. Pin Configuration
Table 6. Pin Function Descriptions
Pin No.
Mnemonic
CPGND
AGND
Description
1
2, 3
4
Charge Pump Ground. This pin is the ground return path for the charge pump.
Analog Ground.
Complementary Input to the RF Prescaler. Decouple this pin to the ground plane with a small bypass capacitor,
typically 100 pF.
RFINB
5
RFINA
AVDD
Input to the RF Prescaler. This small signal input is normally ac-coupled from the VCO.
Positive Power Supply for the RF Section. Place decoupling capacitors to the ground plane as close as possible
to these pins.
6, 7, 8
9
REFIN
Reference Input. This CMOS input has a nominal threshold of DVDD/2 and an equivalent input resistance of 100 kΩ.
It can be driven from a TTL or CMOS crystal oscillator, or it can be ac-coupled.
10
11
12
DGND
SDGND
TXDATA
Digital Ground.
Digital Σ-Δ Modulator Ground. This pin is the ground return path for the Σ-Δ modulator.
Transmit Data Pin. This pin provides the data to be transmitted in FSK or PSK mode and also controls some
ramping functionality.
13
14
15
16
CE
Chip Enable (1.8 V Logic). A logic low on this pin powers down the device and places the charge pump output
into three-state mode.
Serial Clock Input. This input is used to clock in the serial data to the registers. The data is latched into the input
shift register on the CLK rising edge. This input is a high impedance CMOS input.
Serial Data Input. The serial data is loaded MSB first; the three LSBs are the control bits. This input is a high
impedance CMOS input.
Load Enable Input. When LE is high, the data stored in the input shift register is loaded into one of the eight
latches; the latch is selected using the control bits. This input is a high impedance CMOS input.
CLK
DATA
LE
17
18
MUXOUT
SDVDD
Multiplexer Output. This pin allows various internal signals to be accessed externally.
Power Supply for the Digital Σ-Δ Modulator. Place decoupling capacitors to the ground plane as close as
possible to this pin.
19
DVDD
Positive Power Supply for the Digital Section. Place decoupling capacitors to the digital ground plane as close
as possible to this pin.
20, 21
22
SW1, SW2
VP
Switches for Fast Lock.
Charge Pump Power Supply. The voltage on this pin must be greater than or equal to AVDD.
23
RSET
Connecting a resistor between this pin and ground sets the maximum charge pump output current. The
relationship between ICP and RSET is as follows:
ICP_MAX = 24.48/RSET
where:
ICP_MAX = 4.8 mA.
RSET = 5.1 kΩ.
24
25
CP
Charge Pump Output. When the charge pump is enabled, this output provides ICP to the external loop filter,
which, in turn, drives the external VCO.
Exposed Pad. The LFCSP has an exposed pad that must be connected to AGND.
EPAD
Rev. E | Page 8 of 36
Data Sheet
ADF4159
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
–40
12.06
12.05
12.04
12.03
12.02
12.01
12.00
11.99
11.98
–60
–80
–100
–120
–140
–160
–180
100
1k
10k
100k
1M
10M
100M
0
20
40
60
80
100
FREQUENCY OFFSET (Hz)
TIME (µs)
Figure 9. Sawtooth Burst, fPFD = 100 MHz, ICP = 2.5 mA,
Loop Bandwidth = 250 kHz, CLK1 = 3, CLK2 = 26, DEV = 1024,
DEV_OFFSET = 8, Number of Steps = 64
Figure 6. Phase Noise at 12.002 GHz, fPFD = 100 MHz, ICP = 2.5 mA,
Loop Bandwidth = 250 kHz, Bleed Current = 11.03 µA
12.06
12.06
12.05
12.04
12.03
12.02
12.01
12.00
11.99
11.98
12.05
12.04
12.03
12.02
12.01
12.00
11.99
11.98
0
100
200
300
TIME (µs)
400
500
0
50
100
150
200
TIME (µs)
Figure 10. Dual Sawtooth Ramp, fPFD = 100 MHz, ICP = 2.5 mA,
Loop Bandwidth = 250 kHz, CLK1 = 3; First Ramp: CLK2 = 26, DEV = 1024,
DEV_OFFSET = 8, Number of Steps = 64; Second Ramp: CLK2 = 52,
DEV = 1024, DEV_OFFSET = 7, Number of Steps = 64
Figure 7. Sawtooth Ramp, fPFD = 100 MHz, ICP = 2.5 mA,
Loop Bandwidth = 250 kHz, CLK1 = 3, CLK2 = 26, DEV = 1024,
DEV_OFFSET = 8, Number of Steps = 64
12.06
12.06
12.05
12.04
12.03
12.02
12.01
12.00
11.99
12.05
12.04
12.03
12.02
12.01
12.00
11.99
11.98
0
50
100
150
200
0
100
200
300
TIME (µs)
400
500
TIME (µs)
Figure 8. Sawtooth Ramp with Delay, fPFD = 100 MHz, ICP = 2.5 mA,
Loop Bandwidth = 250 kHz, CLK1 = 3, CLK2 = 26, DEV = 1024,
DEV_OFFSET = 8, Number of Steps = 64, Delay Word = 1000
Figure 11. Triangle Ramp, fPFD = 100 MHz, ICP = 2.5 mA,
Loop Bandwidth = 250 kHz, CLK1 = 3, CLK2 = 26, DEV = 1024,
DEV_OFFSET = 8, Number of Steps = 64
Rev. E | Page 9 of 36
ADF4159
Data Sheet
12.06
12.05
12.04
12.03
12.02
12.01
12.00
12.014
12.012
12.010
12.008
12.006
12.004
12.002
12.000
11.998
11.996
11.994
11.99
0
50
100
150
200
0
100
200
300
TIME (µs)
400
500
TIME (µs)
Figure 12. Fast Ramp (Triangle Ramp with Different Slopes), fPFD = 100 MHz,
CP = 2.5 mA, Loop Bandwidth = 250 kHz, CLK1 = 3; Up Ramp: CLK2 = 26,
DEV = 1024, DEV_OFFSET = 8, Number of Steps = 64; Down Ramp: CLK2 = 70,
Figure 15. FSK Ramp, fPFD = 100 MHz, ICP = 2.5 mA, Loop Bandwidth = 250 kHz,
CLK1 = 3, CLK2 = 26, DEV = 1024, DEV_OFFSET = 8, Number of Steps = 64;
FSK: DEV = −512, DEV_OFFSET = 8
I
DEV = 16,384, DEV_OFFSET = 8, Number of Steps = 4
200
150
100
50
0
PRESCALER 8/9
PRESCALER 4/5
–5
–10
–15
–20
–25
–30
–35
–40
0
–50
–100
–150
–200
0
50
100
150
200
0
5
10
15
20
TIME (µs)
FREQUENCY (GHz)
Figure 13. Phase Shift Keying (PSK), Loop Bandwidth = 250 kHz,
Phase Value = 1024, Data Rate = 20 kHz
Figure 16. RFIN Sensitivity at Nominal Temperature
12.004
6
4
12.003
12.002
12.001
12.000
11.999
11.998
11.997
11.996
2
0
–2
–4
–6
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
(V)
2.0
2.5
3.0
0
50
100
150
200
V
TIME (µs)
CP
Figure 17. Charge Pump Output Characteristics
Figure 14. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Loop Bandwidth = 250 kHz,
DEV = 1049, DEV_OFFSET = 9, Data Rate = 20 kHz
Rev. E | Page 10 of 36
Data Sheet
ADF4159
THEORY OF OPERATION
REFERENCE INPUT SECTION
25-BIT FIXED MODULUS
Figure 18 shows the reference input stage. The SW1 and SW2
switches are normally closed (NC in Figure 18). The SW3 switch
is normally open (NO in Figure 18). When power-down is
initiated, SW3 is closed, and SW1 and SW2 are opened. In this
way, no loading of the REFIN pin occurs during power-down.
The ADF4159 has a 25-bit fixed modulus. This modulus allows
output frequencies to be spaced with a resolution of
f
RES = fPFD/225
(1)
where fPFD is the frequency of the phase frequency detector
(PFD). For example, with a PFD frequency of 100 MHz,
frequency steps of 2.98 Hz are possible. Due to the architecture
of the Σ-Δ modulator, there is a fixed +(fPFD/226) offset on the
VCO output. To remove this offset, see the Σ-Δ Modulator
Mode section.
POWER-DOWN
CONTROL
100kΩ
SW2
NC
TO R COUNTER
REF
IN
NC
SW1
BUFFER
INT, FRAC, AND R COUNTER RELATIONSHIP
SW3
NO
The INT and FRAC values, in conjunction with the R counter,
make it possible to generate output frequencies that are spaced
by fractions of the PFD frequency.
Figure 18. Reference Input Stage
RF INPUT STAGE
The RF VCO frequency (RFOUT) equation is
Figure 19 shows the RF input stage. The input stage is followed
by a two-stage limiting amplifier to generate the current-mode
logic (CML) clock levels required for the prescaler.
RFOUT = (INT + (FRAC/225)) × fPFD
(2)
where:
RFOUT is the output frequency of the external voltage
controlled oscillator (VCO).
1.6V
BIAS
GENERATOR
INT is the preset divide ratio of the binary 12-bit counter
(23 to 4095).
AV
DD
2kΩ
2kΩ
FRAC is the numerator of the fractional division (0 to (225 − 1)).
The PFD frequency (fPFD) equation is
RF
RF
A
B
IN
fPFD = REFIN × [(1 + D)/(R × (1 + T))]
(3)
where:
REFIN is the reference input frequency.
D is the REFIN doubler bit (0 or 1).
R is the preset divide ratio of the binary 5-bit programmable
reference (R) counter (1 to 32).
IN
T is the REFIN divide-by-2 bit (0 or 1).
AGND
Figure 19. RF Input Stage
R COUNTER
The 5-bit R counter allows the input reference frequency (REFIN)
to be divided down to supply the reference clock to the PFD.
Division ratios from 1 to 32 are allowed.
RF INT DIVIDER
The RF INT CMOS divider allows a division ratio in the PLL
feedback counter. Division ratios from 23 to 4095 are allowed.
RF INT DIVIDER
N = INT + FRAC/MOD
FROM RF
INPUT STAGE
TO PFD
N COUNTER
THIRD-ORDER
FRACTIONAL
INTERPOLATOR
INT
MOD
FRAC
VALUE
VALUE
VALUE
Figure 20. RF INT Divider
Rev. E | Page 11 of 36
ADF4159
Data Sheet
PHASE FREQUENCY DETECTOR (PFD) AND
CHARGE PUMP
INPUT SHIFT REGISTER
The ADF4159 digital section includes a 5-bit R counter, a 12-bit
INT counter, and a 25-bit FRAC counter. Data is clocked into the
32-bit input shift register on each rising edge of CLK. The data
is clocked in MSB first. Data is transferred from the input shift
register to one of eight latches on the rising edge of LE.
The PFD takes inputs from the R counter and N counter and
produces an output proportional to the phase and frequency
difference between them. Figure 21 shows a simplified sche-
matic of the PFD.
The destination latch is determined by the state of the three
control bits (C3, C2, and C1) in the input shift register. As shown
in Figure 2, the control bits are the three LSBs (DB2, DB1, and
DB0, respectively). Table 7 shows the truth table for these bits.
Figure 23 and Figure 24 provide a summary of how the latches
are programmed.
UP
HIGH
D1
Q1
U1
CLR1
+IN
CHARGE
PUMP
CP
U3
DELAY
DOWN
Table 7. Truth Table for the C3, C2, and C1 Control Bits
Control Bits
CLR2
D2 Q2
C3
0
C2
0
C1
0
Register
R0
HIGH
U2
–IN
0
0
1
R1
0
1
0
R2
Figure 21. PFD Simplified Schematic
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
R3
R4
R5
R6
The PFD includes a fixed delay element that sets the width of the
antibacklash pulse, which is typically 1 ns. This pulse ensures that
there is no dead zone in the PFD transfer function and gives a
consistent reference spur level.
1
1
1
R7
MUXOUT AND LOCK DETECT
PROGRAM MODES
The multiplexer output on the ADF4159 allows the user
to access various internal points on the chip. The state of
MUXOUT is controlled by the M4, M3, M2, and M1 bits in
Register R0 (see Figure 25). Figure 22 shows the MUXOUT
section in block diagram form.
Table 7 and Figure 25 through Figure 32 show how the program
modes are set up in the ADF4159.
The following settings in the ADF4159 are double buffered:
LSB fractional value, phase value, charge pump current setting,
reference divide-by-2, reference doubler, R counter value, and
CLK1 divider value. Before the part uses a new value for any
double-buffered setting, the following two events must occur:
DV
DD
THREE-STATE OUTPUT
DV
DD
DGND
R DIVIDER OUTPUT
N DIVIDER OUTPUT
DIGITAL LOCK DETECT
SERIAL DATA OUTPUT
CLK DIVIDER OUTPUT
R DIVIDER/2
1. The new value is latched into the device by writing to the
appropriate register.
2. A new write is performed to Register 0 (R0).
CONTROL
MUXOUT
MUX
For example, updating the fractional value involves a write to
the 13 LSB bits in R1 and the 12 MSB bits in R0. R1 must be
written to first, followed by the write to R0. The frequency change
begins after the write to R0. Double-buffering ensures that the
bits written to R1 do not take effect until after the write to R0.
N DIVIDER/2
DGND
READBACK TO MUXOUT
Figure 22. MUXOUT Schematic
Rev. E | Page 12 of 36
Data Sheet
ADF4159
REGISTER MAPS
FRAC/INT REGISTER (R0)
MUXOUT
CONTROL
12-BIT MSB FRACTIONAL VALUE
(FRAC)
CONTROL
BITS
12-BIT INTEGER VALUE (INT)
DB31 DB30 DB29 DB28 DB27 DB26 DB25 DB24 DB23 DB22 DB21 DB20 DB19 DB18 DB17 DB16 DB15 DB14 DB13 DB12 DB11 DB10 DB9 DB8 DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0
R1
M4 M3 M2 M1 N12 N11 N10 N9
N8
N7
N6
N5
N4
N3
N2
N1 F25 F24 F23 F22 F21 F20 F19 F18 F17 F16 F15 F14 C3(0) C2(0) C1(0)
LSB FRAC REGISTER (R1)
DBB
DBB
13-BIT LSB FRACTIONAL VALUE
(FRAC)
CONTROL
BITS
12-BIT PHASE VALUE
RESERVED
DB31 DB30 DB29 DB28 DB27 DB26 DB25 DB24 DB23 DB22 DB21 DB20 DB19 DB18 DB17 DB16 DB15 DB14 DB13 DB12 DB11 DB10 DB9 DB8 DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0
P1 F13 F12 F11 F10 F9 F8 F7 F6 F5 F4 F3 F2 F1 P12 P11 P10 P9 P8 P7 P6 P5 P4 P3 P2 P1 C3(0) C2(0) C1(1)
0
0
0
R DIVIDER REGISTER (R2)
DBB
DBB
DBB
CP
CURRENT
SETTING
RESERVED
5-BIT R COUNTER
CONTROL
BITS
12-BIT CLK DIVIDER VALUE
1
DB31 DB30 DB29 DB28 DB27 DB26 DB25 DB24 DB23 DB22 DB21 DB20 DB19 DB18 DB17 DB16 DB15 DB14 DB13 DB12 DB11 DB10 DB9 DB8 DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0
0
0
0
CR1 CPI4 CPI3 CPI2 CPI1
0
P1
U2
U1
R5
R4
R3
R2
R1 D12 D11 D10 D9
D8
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1 C3(0) C2(1) C1(0)
FUNCTION REGISTER (R3)
CONTROL
BITS
RESERVED
NEG BLEED
CURRENT
RESERVED
DB31 DB30 DB29 DB28 DB27 DB26 DB25 DB24 DB23 DB22 DB21 DB20 DB19 DB18 DB17 DB16 DB15 DB14 DB13 DB12 DB11 DB10 DB9 DB8 DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0
NB3 NB2 NB1 L1 NS1 U12 RM2 RM1 U11 U10 U9 U8 U7 C3(0) C2(1) C1(1)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
NOTES
1. DBB = DOUBLE-BUFFERED BITS.
Figure 23. Register Summary 1
Rev. E | Page 13 of 36
ADF4159
Data Sheet
CLOCK REGISTER (R4)
CLK
DIV
MODE
Σ-Δ
MODULATOR MODE
RAMP
STATUS
CONTROL
BITS
12-BIT CLK DIVIDER VALUE
2
RESERVED
DB31 DB30 DB29 DB28 DB27 DB26 DB25 DB24 DB23 DB22 DB21 DB20 DB19 DB18 DB17 DB16 DB15 DB14 DB13 DB12 DB11 DB10 DB9 DB8 DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0
LS1 S5
S4
S3
S2
S1
R5
R4
R3
R2
R1
C2
C1 D12 D11 D10 D9
D8
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1 CS1
0
0
C3(1) C2(0) C1(0)
0
DEVIATION REGISTER (R5)
4-BIT DEVIATION
OFFSET WORD
CONTROL
BITS
16-BIT DEVIATION WORD
DB31 DB30 DB29 DB28 DB27 DB26 DB25 DB24 DB23 DB22 DB21 DB20 DB19 DB18 DB17 DB16 DB15 DB14 DB13 DB12 DB11 DB10 DB9 DB8 DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0
0
0
TR1
0
I2
I1
0
0
DS1 DO4 DO3 DO2 DO1 D16 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9
D8
D7
D6
D5
D4
D2
D1 C3(1) C2(0) C1(1)
D3
STEP REGISTER (R6)
CONTROL
BITS
20-BIT STEP WORD
RESERVED
DB31 DB30 DB29 DB28 DB27 DB26 DB25 DB24 DB23 DB22 DB21 DB20 DB19 DB18 DB17 DB16 DB15 DB14 DB13 DB12 DB11 DB10 DB9 DB8 DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SSE1 S20 S19 S18 S17 S16 S15 S14 S13 S12 S11 S10 S9
S8
S7
S6
S5
S4
S3
S2
S1 C3(1) C2(1) C1(0)
DELAY REGISTER (R7)
CONTROL
BITS
RESERVED
12-BIT DELAY START WORD
DB31 DB30 DB29 DB28 DB27 DB26 DB25 DB24 DB23 DB22 DB21 DB20 DB19 DB18 DB17 DB16 DB15 DB14 DB13 DB12 DB11 DB10 DB9 DB8 DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TD1 ST1 TR1 FR1
0
RD1 DC1 DSE1 DS12 DS11 DS10 DS9 DS8 DS7 DS6 DS5 DS4 DS3 DS2 DS1 C3(1) C2(1) C1(1)
NOTES
1. DBB = DOUBLE-BUFFERED BITS.
Figure 24. Register Summary 2
Rev. E | Page 14 of 36
Data Sheet
ADF4159
12-Bit Integer Value (INT)
FRAC/INT REGISTER (R0) MAP
Bits DB[26:15] set the INT value, which forms part of the overall
feedback division factor. For more information, see the INT,
FRAC, and R Counter Relationship section.
When Bits DB[2:0] are set to 000, the on-chip FRAC/INT
register (Register R0) is programmed (see Figure 25).
Ramp On
12-Bit MSB Fractional Value (FRAC)
When Bit DB31 is set to 1, the ramp function is enabled. When
Bit DB31 is set to 0, the ramp function is disabled.
Bits DB[14:3], along with Bits DB[27:15] in the LSB FRAC register
(Register R1), set the FRAC value that is loaded into the fractional
interpolator. The FRAC value forms part of the overall feedback
division factor. These 12 bits are the most significant bits (MSBs)
of the 25-bit FRAC value; Bits DB[27:15] in the LSB FRAC register
(Register R1) are the least significant bits (LSBs). For more infor-
mation, see the RF Synthesizer Worked Example section.
MUXOUT Control
The on-chip multiplexer of the ADF4159 is controlled by
Bits DB[30:27]. See Figure 25 for the truth table.
MUXOUT
12-BIT MSB FRACTIONAL VALUE
(FRAC)
CONTROL
BITS
12-BIT INTEGER VALUE (INT)
CONTROL
DB31 DB30 DB29 DB28 DB27 DB26 DB25 DB24 DB23 DB22 DB21 DB20 DB19 DB18 DB17 DB16 DB15 DB14 DB13 DB12 DB11 DB10 DB9 DB8 DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0
R1 M4 M3 M2 M1 N12 N11 N10 N9 N8 N7 N6 N5 N4 N3 N2 N1 F25 F24 F23 F22 F21 F20 F19 F18 F17 F16 F15 F14 C3(0) C2(0) C1(0)
MSB FRACTIONAL VALUE
R1 RAMP ON
M4 M3 M2 M1
OUTPUT
THREE-STATE OUTPUT
DV
F25 F24
... F15 F14
(FRAC)*
0
1
RAMP DISABLED
RAMP ENABLED
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
0
0
1
1
.
0
1
0
1
.
0
DD
1
DGND
2
R DIVIDER OUTPUT
N DIVIDER OUTPUT
RESERVED
3
.
.
.
.
.
.
DIGITAL LOCK DETECT
SERIAL DATA OUTPUT
RESERVED
.
.
.
.
.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
4092
4093
4094
4095
RESERVED
CLK DIVIDER OUTPUT
RESERVED
*THE FRAC VALUE IS MADE UP OF THE 12-BIT MSB STORED IN
RESERVED
REGISTER R0 AND THE 13-BIT LSB STORED IN REGISTER R1.
13
R DIVIDER/2
FRAC VALUE = 13-BIT LSB + 12-BIT MSB × 2
.
N DIVIDER/2
READBACK TO MUXOUT
N12
N11
N10
N9
0
0
0
0
.
N8
0
0
0
0
.
N7
0
0
0
0
.
N6
N5
1
1
1
1
.
N4
0
1
1
1
.
N3
1
0
0
0
.
N2
1
0
0
1
.
N1
1
0
1
0
.
INTEGER VALUE (INT)
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
23
24
25
26
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
4093
4094
4095
Figure 25. FRAC/INT Register (R0) Map
Rev. E | Page 15 of 36
ADF4159
Data Sheet
These 13 bits are the least significant bits (LSBs) of the 25-bit
FRAC value; Bits DB[14:3] in the FRAC/INT register are the
most significant bits (MSBs). For more information, see the
RF Synthesizer Worked Example section.
LSB FRAC REGISTER (R1) MAP
When Bits DB[2:0] are set to 001, the on-chip LSB FRAC
register (Register R1) is programmed (see Figure 26).
Reserved Bits
12-Bit Phase Value
All reserved bits must be set to 0 for normal operation.
Phase Adjustment
Bits DB[14:3] control the phase word. The phase word is used
to increase the RF output phase relative to the current phase.
The phase change occurs after a write to Register R0.
Bit DB28 enables and disables phase adjustment. The phase
shift is generated by the value programmed in Bits DB[14:3].
Phase Shift = (Phase Value × 360°)/212
13-Bit LSB Fractional Value (FRAC)
For example, Phase Value = 512 increases the phase by 45°.
Bits DB[27:15], along with Bits DB[14:3] in the FRAC/INT
register (Register R0), set the FRAC value that is loaded into
the fractional interpolator. The FRAC value forms part of the
overall feedback division factor.
To use phase adjustment, Bit DB28 must be set to 1. If phase
adjustment is not used, it is recommended that the phase value
be set to 0.
DBB
DBB
13-BIT LSB FRACTIONAL VALUE
CONTROL
RESERVED
(FRAC)
12-BIT PHASE VALUE
BITS
DB31 DB30 DB29 DB28 DB27 DB26 DB25 DB24 DB23 DB22 DB21 DB20 DB19 DB18 DB17 DB16 DB15 DB14 DB13 DB12 DB11 DB10 DB9 DB8 DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0
0
0
0
P1 F13 F12 F11 F10 F9
F8
F7
F6
F5
F4
F3
F2
F1 P12 P11 P10 P9
P8
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1 C3(0) C2(0) C1(1)
LSB FRACTIONAL VALUE
(FRAC)*
F13 F12
...
F2
F1
P12
0
.
P11
1
.
...
P2
1
.
P1
1
.
PHASE VALUE
P1
0
PHASE ADJ
DISABLED
ENABLED
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
0
0
1
1
.
0
1
0
1
.
0
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2047
1
.
1
2
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
.
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
.
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
.
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
.
3
2
1
3
.
.
.
.
.
.
0 (RECOMMENDED)
.
.
.
.
.
–1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
8188
8189
8190
8191
–2
–3
.
1
0
0
0
–2048
*THE FRAC VALUE IS MADE UP OF THE 12-BIT MSB STORED IN
REGISTER R0 AND THE 13-BIT LSB STORED IN REGISTER R1.
13
FRAC VALUE = 13-BIT LSB + 12-BIT MSB × 2
.
NOTES
1. DBB = DOUBLE-BUFFERED BITS.
Figure 26. LSB FRAC Register (R1) Map
Rev. E | Page 16 of 36
Data Sheet
ADF4159
when operating the ADF4159 at frequencies greater than 8 GHz,
the prescaler must be set to 8/9. The prescaler limits the INT
value as follows:
R DIVIDER REGISTER (R2) MAP
When Bits DB[2:0] are set to 010, the on-chip R divider register
(Register R2) is programmed (see Figure 27).
•
•
Prescaler = 4/5: NMIN = 23
Prescaler = 8/9: NMIN = 75
Reserved Bits
All reserved bits must be set to 0 for normal operation.
RDIV2
CSR Enable
When Bit DB21 is set to 1, a divide-by-2 toggle flip-flop is
inserted between the R counter and the PFD. This feature
can be used to provide a 50% duty cycle signal at the PFD.
When Bit DB28 is set to 1, cycle slip reduction (CSR) is enabled.
Cycle slip reduction is a method for improving lock times. Note
that the signal at the PFD must have a 50% duty cycle for cycle
slip reduction to work. In addition, the charge pump current
setting must be set to its minimum value. For more information,
see the Cycle Slip Reduction for Faster Lock Times section.
Reference Doubler
When Bit DB20 is set to 0, the reference doubler is disabled,
and the REFIN signal is fed directly to the 5-bit R counter. When
Bit DB20 is set to 1, the reference doubler is enabled, and the REFIN
frequency is multiplied by a factor of 2 before the signal is fed into
the 5-bit R counter. When the doubler is disabled, the REFIN
falling edge is the active edge at the PFD input to the fractional
synthesizer. When the doubler is enabled, both the rising and
falling edges of REFIN become active edges at the PFD input.
The cycle slip reduction feature can be used only when the phase
detector polarity setting is positive (Bit DB6 = 1 in Register R3).
CSR cannot be used if the phase detector polarity setting is nega-
tive (Bit DB6 = 0 in Register R3).
Charge Pump Current Setting
Bits DB[27:24] set the charge pump current (see Figure 27).
Set these bits to the charge pump current that the loop filter
is designed with. Best practice is to design the loop filter for a
charge pump current of 2.5 mA or 2.81 mA and then use the
programmable charge pump current to tweak the frequency
response. See the Reference Doubler section for information on
setting the charge pump current when the doubler is enabled.
When the reference doubler is enabled, for optimum phase
noise performance, it is recommended to only use charge pump
current settings 0b0000 to 0b0111, that is, 0.31 mA to 2.5 mA.
In this case, best practice is to design the loop filter to for a
charge pump current of 1.25 mA or 1.57 mA and then use the
programmable charge pump current to tweak the frequency
response.
Prescaler (P/P + 1)
5-Bit R Counter
The dual-modulus prescaler (P/P + 1), along with the INT,
FRAC, and fixed modulus values, determines the overall
division ratio from RFIN to the PFD input. Bit DB22 sets the
prescaler value.
The 5-bit R counter (Bits DB[19:15]) allows the input reference
frequency (REFIN) to be divided down to supply the reference
clock to the PFD. Division ratios from 1 to 32 are allowed.
12-Bit CLK1 Divider Value
Operating at CML levels, the prescaler takes the clock from the
RF input stage and divides it down for the counters. The prescaler
is based on a synchronous 4/5 core. When the prescaler is set to
4/5, the maximum RF frequency allowed is 8 GHz. Therefore,
Bits DB[14:3] program the CLK1 divider value, which determines
the duration of the time step in ramp mode.
Rev. E | Page 17 of 36
ADF4159
Data Sheet
DBB
DBB
5-BIT R COUNTER
DBB
CP
CURRENT
SETTING
CONTROL
BITS
RESERVED
12-BIT CLK DIVIDER VALUE
1
DB31 DB30 DB29 DB28 DB27 DB26 DB25 DB24 DB23 DB22 DB21 DB20 DB19 DB18 DB17 DB16 DB15 DB14 DB13 DB12 DB11 DB10 DB9 DB8 DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0
0
0
0
CR1 CPI4 CPI3 CPI2 CPI1
0
P1
U2
U1
R5
R4
R3
R2
R1 D12 D11 D10 D9
D8
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1 C3(0) C2(1) C1(0)
REFERENCE
DOUBLER
U1
CYCLE SLIP
REDUCTION
CR1
D12 D11 ...
D2 D1
CLK DIVIDER VALUE
1
0
1
DISABLED
ENABLED
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
0
0
1
1
.
0
1
0
1
.
0
0
1
DISABLED
ENABLED
1
2
3
U2
0
R DIVIDER
DISABLED
ENABLED
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
I
(mA)
CP
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
4092
4093
4094
4095
CPI4
CPI3
CPI2
CPI1
5.1kΩ
P1
0
PRESCALER
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0.31
0.63
0.94
1.25
1.57
1.88
2.19
2.5
4/5
8/9
1
R5
0
0
0
0
.
R4
0
0
0
0
.
R3
0
0
0
1
.
R2
0
1
1
0
.
R1
1
0
1
0
.
R COUNTER DIVIDE RATIO
1
2
3
4
2.81
3.13
3.44
3.75
4.06
4.38
4.69
5.0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
29
30
31
32
NOTES
1. DBB = DOUBLE-BUFFERED BITS.
Figure 27. R Divider Register (R2) Map
Rev. E | Page 18 of 36
Data Sheet
ADF4159
Σ-Δ Reset
FUNCTION REGISTER (R3) MAP
For most applications, Bit DB14 should be set to 0. When this bit is
set to 0, the Σ-Δ modulator is reset on each write to Register R0.
If it is not required that the Σ-Δ modulator be reset on each write
to Register R0, set this bit to 1.
When Bits DB[2:0] are set to 011, the on-chip function register
(Register R3) is programmed (see Figure 28).
Reserved Bits
All reserved bits except Bit DB17 must be set to 0 for normal
operation. Bit DB17 must be set to 1 for normal operation.
Ramp Mode
Bits DB[11:10] determine the type of generated waveform (see
Figure 28 and the Waveform Generation section).
Negative Bleed Current
Bits DB[24:22] set the negative bleed current value (IBLEED).
Calculate IBLEED using the following formula, and then select the
value of Bits DB[24:22] that is closest to the calculated value.
PSK Enable
When Bit DB9 is set to 1, PSK modulation is enabled. When
this bit is set to 0, PSK modulation is disabled. For more infor-
mation, see the Phase Shift Keying (PSK) section.
I
BLEED = (4 × ICP)/N
where:
CP is the charge pump current.
FSK Enable
I
When Bit DB8 is set to 1, FSK modulation is enabled. When
this bit is set to 0, FSK modulation is disabled. For more infor-
mation, see the Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) section.
N is the N counter value.
Negative Bleed Current Enable
DB21 enables a negative bleed current in the charge pump. When
the charge pump is operating in a nonlinear region, phase noise
and spurious performance can degrade. Negative bleed current
operates by pushing the charge pump operation region away
from this nonlinear region. The programmability feature controls
how far the region of operation is moved. If the current is too
little, the charge pump will remain in the nonlinear region; if
the current is too high, the charge pump will become unstable
or degrade the maximum PFD frequency. It is necessary to exper-
iment with various charge pump currents to find the optimum.
Lock Detect Precision (LDP)
The digital lock detect circuit monitors the PFD up and down
pulses (logical OR of the up and down pulses; see Figure 21).
Every 32nd pulse is measured. The LDP bit (Bit DB7) specifies
the length of each lock detect reference cycle.
•
LDP = 0: if five consecutive pulses of less than 14 ns are
measured, digital lock detect is asserted.
•
LDP = 1: if five consecutive pulses of less than 6 ns are
measured, digital lock detect is asserted.
The formula for calculating the optimum negative bleed current
is shown in the Negative Bleed Current section; however, exper-
imentation may show a different current gives the optimum result.
Digital lock detect remains asserted until the pulse width exceeds
22 ns, a write to Register R0 occurs, or the part is powered down.
For more robust operation, set LDP = 1.
Loss of Lock (LOL)
Phase Detector (PD) Polarity
Bit DB16 enables or disables the loss of lock indication. When
this bit is set to 0, the part indicates loss of lock even when the
reference is removed. This feature provides an advantage over
the standard implementation of lock detect. For more robust
operation, set this bit to 1. The loss of lock does not operate as
expected when negative bleed current is enabled.
Bit DB6 sets the phase detector polarity. When the VCO
characteristics are positive, set this bit to 1. When the VCO
characteristics are negative, set this bit to 0.
Power-Down
Bit DB5 provides the programmable power-down mode. Setting
this bit to 1 performs a power-down. Setting this bit to 0 returns
the synthesizer to normal operation. When the part is in software
power-down mode, it retains all information in its registers. The
register contents are lost only when the supplies are removed.
N SEL
Bit DB15 can be used to circumvent the issue of pipeline delay
between updates of the integer and fractional values in the
N counter. Typically, the INT value is loaded first, followed by
the FRAC value. This can cause the N counter value to be incor-
rect for a brief period of time equal to the pipeline delay (about
four PFD cycles). This delay has no effect if the INT value was not
updated. However, if the INT value has changed, this incorrect
N counter value can cause the PLL to overshoot in frequency
while it tries to lock to the temporarily incorrect N counter value.
After the correct fractional value is loaded, the PLL quickly locks
to the correct frequency. Introducing an additional delay to the
loading of the INT value using the N SEL bit causes the INT and
FRAC values to be loaded at the same time, preventing frequency
overshoot. The delay is turned on by setting Bit DB15 to 1.
When power-down is activated, the following events occur:
•
•
All active dc current paths are removed.
The RF synthesizer counters are forced to their load
state conditions.
•
•
•
•
The charge pump is forced into three-state mode.
The digital lock detect circuitry is reset.
The RFIN input is debiased.
The input shift register remains active and capable
of loading and latching data.
Rev. E | Page 19 of 36
ADF4159
Data Sheet
Charge Pump Three-State
Counter Reset
When Bit DB4 is set to 1, the charge pump is placed into three-
state mode. For normal charge pump operation, set this bit to 0.
Bit DB3 is the RF counter reset bit. When this bit is set to 1, the
RF synthesizer counters are held in reset. For normal operation,
set this bit to 0.
NEG BLEED
CURRENT
CONTROL
BITS
RESERVED
RESERVED
DB31 DB30 DB29 DB28 DB27 DB26 DB25 DB24 DB23 DB22 DB21 DB20 DB19 DB18 DB17 DB16 DB15 DB14 DB13 DB12 DB11 DB10 DB9 DB8 DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NB3 NB2 NB1
0
0
0
0
1
L1 NS1 U12
0
0
RM2 RM1
0
0
U11 U10 U9
U8
U7 C3(0) C2(1) C1(1)
COUNTER
RESET
U7
0
1
DISABLED
ENABLED
0
0
1
NEG BLEED EN
DISABLED
U12 Σ-Δ RESET
0
1
ENABLED
DISABLED
ENABLED
L1 LOL
CP
0
1
ENABLED
DISABLED
U8
THREE-STATE
0
1
DISABLED
ENABLED
NS1
0
N SEL
N WORD LOAD ON Σ-Δ CLOCK
N WORD LOAD DELAYED 4 CYCLES
U9
0
POWER-DOWN
1
DISABLED
ENABLED
1
NB3 NB2 NB1 NEGATIVE BLEED CURRENT (µA)
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
3.73
RM2 RM1 RAMP MODE
U10
0
PD POLARITY
NEGATIVE
POSITIVE
11.03
25.25
53.1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
CONTINUOUS SAWTOOTH
CONTINUOUS TRIANGULAR
SINGLE SAWTOOTH BURST
SINGLE RAMP BURST
1
109.7
224.7
454.7
916.4
1
1
0
0
0
1
U11 LDP
0
1
14ns
6ns
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
FSK
DISABLED
ENABLED
0
0
1
PSK
DISABLED
ENABLED
Figure 28. Function Register (R3) Map
Rev. E | Page 20 of 36
Data Sheet
ADF4159
•
Readback to MUXOUT option: the synthesizer frequency
at the moment of interruption can be read back (see the
Interrupt Modes and Frequency Readback section).
Ramp complete to MUXOUT option: a logic high pulse
is output on the MUXOUT pin at the end of each ramp.
Charge pump up and charge pump down options: the
charge pump is forced to constantly output up or down
pulses, respectively.
CLOCK REGISTER (R4) MAP
When Bits DB[2:0] are set to 100, the on-chip clock register
(Register R4) is programmed (see Figure 29).
•
•
LE SEL
In some applications, it is necessary to synchronize the LE pin
with the reference signal. To do this, Bit DB31 must be set to 1.
Synchronization is done internally on the part.
Σ-Δ Modulator Mode
When using the readback to MUXOUT or ramp complete
to MUXOUT option, the MUXOUT bits in Register R0
(Bits DB[30:27]) must be set to 1111.
To completely disable the Σ-Δ modulator, set Bits DB[30:26] to
0b01110, which puts the ADF4159 into integer-N mode, and
the channel spacing becomes equal to the PFD frequency. Both
the 12-bit MSB fractional value (Register R0, DB[14:3]) and the
13-bit LSB fractional value (Register R1, DB[27:15]) must be set
to 0. After writing to Register 4, Register 3 must be written to twice,
to trigger a counter reset. (That is, write Register 3 with DB3 = 1,
then write Register 3 with DB3 = 0.)
Clock Divider Mode
Bits DB[20:19] are used to enable Ramp Divider mode or Fast
Lock Divider mode. If neither is being used, set these bits to 0b00.
12-Bit CLK2 Divider Value
Bits DB[18:7] program the clock divider (the CLK2 timer) when
the part operates in ramp mode (see the Timeout Interval section).
The CLK2 timer also determines how long the loop remains in
wideband mode when fast lock mode is used (see the Fast Lock
Mode section).
All features driven by the Σ-Δ modulator are disabled, such as
ramping, PSK, FSK, and phase adjust.
Disabling the Σ-Δ modulator also removes the fixed +(fPFD/226)
offset on the VCO output.
Clock Divider Select
For normal operation, set these bits to 0b00000.
When Bit DB6 is set to 0, CLK2 is used as the CLK2 value for a
standard ramp, such as sawtooth or triangular. When Bit DB6 is
set to 1, CLK2 is used as the CLK2 value for the second ramp of
the Fast Ramp or Dual Ramp functions. For more information,
see the Waveform Deviations and Timing section.
Ramp Status
Bits DB[25:21] provide access to the following advanced
features (see Figure 29):
CLK
DIV
MODE
Σ-Δ
CONTROL
BITS
RAMP STATUS
12-BIT CLK DIVIDER VALUE
RESERVED
MODULATOR MODE
2
DB31 DB30 DB29 DB28 DB27 DB26 DB25 DB24 DB23 DB22 DB21 DB20 DB19 DB18 DB17 DB16 DB15 DB14 DB13 DB12 DB11 DB10 DB9 DB8 DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0
0
0
0
C3(1) C2(0) C1(0)
CS1
LS1 S5
S4
S3
S2
S1
R5
R4
R3
R2
R1
C2
C1 D12 D11 D10 D9
D8
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
CS1 CLK DIV SEL
S5 S4 S3 S2 S1 Σ-Δ MODULATOR MODE
0
1
LOAD CLK DIV 1
LOAD CLK DIV 2
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
NORMAL OPERATION
DISABLED WHEN FRAC = 0
R5 R4 R3 R2 R1
RAMP STATUS
D12 D11
...
D2
D1
CLK DIVIDER VALUE
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
NORMAL OPERATION
READBACK TO MUXOUT
RAMP COMPLETE TO MUXOUT
CHARGE PUMP UP
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
0
0
1
1
.
0
1
0
1
.
0
1
2
3
CHARGE PUMP DOWN
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
C2
C1
CLOCK DIVIDER MODE
LS1
0
LE SEL
LE FROM PIN
LE SYNCH WITH REF
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
4092
4093
4094
4095
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
CLOCK DIVIDER OFF
FAST LOCK DIVIDER
RESERVED
1
IN
RAMP DIVIDER
Figure 29. Clock Register (R4) Map
Rev. E | Page 21 of 36
ADF4159
Data Sheet
Interrupt
DEVIATION REGISTER (R5) MAP
Bits DB[27:26] determine which type of interrupt is used. This
feature is used for reading back the INT and FRAC value of a
ramp at a given moment in time (a rising edge on the TXDATA
pin triggers the interrupt). From the INT and FRAC bits, the
frequency can be obtained. After readback, the sweep can continue
or stop at the readback frequency. For more information, see the
Interrupt Modes and Frequency Readback section.
When Bits DB[2:0] are set to 101, the on-chip deviation register
(Register R5) is programmed (see Figure 30).
Reserved Bit
The reserved bit must be set to 0 for normal operation.
TXDATA Invert
When Bit DB30 is set to 0, events triggered by TXDATA occur
on the rising edge of the TXDATA pulse. When Bit DB30 is set
to 1, events triggered by TXDATA occur on the falling edge of
the TXDATA pulse.
FSK Ramp Enable
When Bit DB25 is set to 1, the FSK ramp is enabled. When
Bit DB25 is set to 0, the FSK ramp is disabled.
TXDATA Ramp Clock
Dual Ramp Enable
When Bit DB29 is set to 0, the clock divider clock is used to
clock the ramp. When Bit DB29 is set to 1, the TXDATA clock
is used to clock the ramp.
When Bit DB24 is set to 1, the second ramp is enabled. When
Bit DB24 is set to 0, the second ramp is disabled.
Deviation Select
Parabolic Ramp
When Bit DB23 is set to 0, the first deviation word is selected.
When Bit DB23 is set to 1, the second deviation word is selected.
When Bit DB28 is set to 1, the parabolic ramp is enabled. When
Bit DB28 is set to 0, the parabolic ramp is disabled. For more
information, see the Parabolic (Nonlinear) Ramp Mode section.
4-Bit Deviation Offset Word
Bits DB[22:19] determine the deviation offset word. The devia-
tion offset word affects the deviation resolution.
16-Bit Deviation Word
Bits DB[18:3] determine the signed deviation word. The
deviation word defines the deviation step.
4-BIT DEVIATION
OFFSET WORD
CONTROL
BITS
16-BIT DEVIATION WORD
DB31 DB30 DB29 DB28 DB27 DB26 DB25 DB24 DB23 DB22 DB21 DB20 DB19 DB18 DB17 DB16 DB15 DB14 DB13 DB12 DB11 DB10 DB9 DB8 DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0
D4
D3
0
0
TR1
0
I2
I1
0
0
DS1 DO4 DO3 DO2 DO1 D16 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9
D8
D7
D6
D5
D1 C3(1) C2(0) C1(1)
D2
0
DUAL RAMP
DISABLED
ENABLED
DS1 DEV SEL
0
TX
INVERT
DATA
0
1
0
1
DEV WORD 1
DEV WORD 2
0
1
DISABLED
ENABLED
D16
D15
...
D2
D1
DEVIATION WORD
0
.
1
.
...
...
1
.
1
.
32,767
TR1 TX
RAMP CLK
DATA
0
0
1
FSK RAMP
DISABLED
ENABLED
.
0
1
CLK DIV
DO4 DO3 DO2 DO1 DEV OFFSET WORD
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
3
2
...
...
TX
DATA
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
.
0
0
1
.
0
1
0
.
0
1
2
.
...
...
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
PARABOLIC RAMP
DISABLED
1
1
1
.
1
1
1
.
...
...
...
...
...
1
1
0
.
1
0
1
.
–1
ENABLED
–2
.
.
.
.
.
–3
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
7
8
9
.
I2
I1
0
INTERRUPT
1
0
0
0
–32,768
0
0
1
1
INTERRUPT OFF
1
LOAD CHANNEL CONTINUE SWEEP
NOT USED
0
1
LOAD CHANNEL STOP SWEEP
Figure 30. Deviation Register (R5) Map
Rev. E | Page 22 of 36
Data Sheet
ADF4159
Step Select
STEP REGISTER (R6) MAP
When Bit DB23 is set to 0, Step Word 1 is selected. When
Bit DB23 is set to 1, Step Word 2 is selected.
When Bits DB[2:0] are set to 110, the on-chip step register
(Register R6) is programmed (see Figure 31).
20-Bit Step Word
Reserved Bits
Bits DB[22:3] determine the step word. The step word is the
number of steps in the ramp.
All reserved bits must be set to 0 for normal operation.
CONTROL
BITS
RESERVED
20-BIT STEP WORD
DB31 DB30 DB29 DB28 DB27 DB26 DB25 DB24 DB23 DB22 DB21 DB20 DB19 DB18 DB17 DB16 DB15 DB14 DB13 DB12 DB11 DB10 DB9 DB8 DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0
S5 S4
S3
S1 C3(1) C2(1) C1(0)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SSE1 S20 S19 S18 S17 S16 S15 S14 S13 S12 S11 S10 S9
S8
S7
S6
S2
...
SSE1 STEP SEL
S20 S19
S2
S1
STEP WORD
0
1
STEP WORD 1
STEP WORD 2
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
0
0
1
1
.
0
1
0
1
.
0
1
2
3
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1,048,572
1,048,573
1,048,574
1,048,575
Figure 31. Step Register (R6) Map
Rev. E | Page 23 of 36
ADF4159
Data Sheet
Fast Ramp
DELAY REGISTER (R7) MAP
When Bit DB19 is set to 1, the triangular waveform is activated
with two different slopes. This waveform can be used as an alter-
native to the sawtooth ramp because it mitigates the overshoot
at the end of the ramp in a waveform. Fast ramp is achieved by
changing the top frequency to the bottom frequency in a series of
small steps instead of one big step. When Bit DB19 is set to 0, the
fast ramp function is disabled (see the Fast Ramp Mode section).
When Bits DB[2:0] are set to 111, the on-chip delay register
(Register R7) is programmed (see Figure 32).
Reserved Bits
All reserved bits must be set to 0 for normal operation.
TXDATA Trigger Delay
When Bit DB23 is set to 0, there is no delay before the start of
the ramp when using TXDATA to trigger a ramp. When Bit DB23
is set to 1, a delay is enabled before the start of the ramp if the
delayed start is enabled via Bit DB15.
Ramp Delay Fast Lock
When Bit DB18 is set to 1, the ramp delay fast lock function is
enabled. When Bit DB18 is set to 0, this function is disabled.
Triangular Delay
Ramp Delay
When Bit DB22 is set to 1, a delay is enabled between each
section of a triangular ramp, resulting in a clipped ramp. This
setting works only for triangular ramps and when the ramp
delay is activated. When Bit DB22 is set to 0, the delay between
triangular ramps is disabled.
When Bit DB17 is set to 1, the delay between ramps function is
enabled. When Bit DB17 is set to 0, this function is disabled.
Delay Clock Select
When Bit DB16 is set to 0, the PFD clock is selected as the delay
clock. When Bit DB16 is set to 1, PFD clock × CLK1 is selected
as the delay clock. (CLK1 is set by Bits DB[14:3] in Register R2.)
Single Full Triangle
When Bit DB21 is set to 1, the single full triangle function is
enabled. When Bit DB21 is set to 0, this function is disabled. To
use the single full triangle function, Ramp Mode (Register 3,
DB[11:10]) must be set to 0b11, Single Ramp Burst. For more
information, see the Waveform Generation section.
Delayed Start Enable
When Bit DB15 is set to 1, the delayed start is enabled. When
Bit DB15 is set to 0, the delayed start is disabled.
12-Bit Delay Start Word
TXDATA Trigger
Bits DB[14:3] determine the delay start word. The delay start
word affects the duration of the ramp start delay.
When Bit DB20 is set to 1, a logic high on TXDATA activates the
ramp. When Bit DB20 is set to 0, this function is disabled.
RESERVED
CONTROL
12-BIT DELAY START WORD
BITS
DB31 DB30 DB29 DB28 DB27 DB26 DB25 DB24 DB23 DB22 DB21 DB20 DB19 DB18 DB17 DB16 DB15 DB14 DB13 DB12 DB11 DB10 DB9 DB8 DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0
DS4 DS3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TD1 ST1 TR1 FR1
0
RD1 DC1 DSE1 DS12 DS11 DS10 DS9 DS8 DS7 DS6 DS5
DS1 C3(1) C2(1) C1(1)
DS2
TD1 TRI DELAY
0
0
1
RAMP DELAY FL
DISABLED
0
1
DISABLED
ENABLED
ENABLED
0
0
1
TX
TRIGGER DELAY
DATA
DISABLED
ENABLED
DS12 DS11
...
DS2 DS1
DELAY START WORD
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
0
0
1
1
.
0
1
0
1
.
0
FR1 FAST RAMP
DSE1 DEL START EN
1
0
1
DISABLED
ENABLED
0
1
DISABLED
ENABLED
2
3
.
SING FULL TRI
ST1
DC1 DEL CLK SEL
0
1
DISABLED
ENABLED
.
.
.
.
.
0
1
PFD CLK
PFD CLK × CLK
.
.
.
.
.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
4092
4093
4094
4095
TR1 TX
TRIGGER
RD1 RAMP DELAY
DATA
0
1
DISABLED
ENABLED
0
1
DISABLED
ENABLED
Figure 32. Delay Register (R7) Map
Rev. E | Page 24 of 36
Data Sheet
ADF4159
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
INITIALIZATION SEQUENCE
REFERENCE DOUBLER
After powering up the ADF4159, initialize the part by program-
ming the registers in the following sequence:
The on-chip reference doubler allows the input reference signal to
be doubled. This doubling is useful for increasing the PFD compar-
ison frequency. Doubling the PFD frequency usually improves
the noise performance of the system by 3 dB. It is important to
note that the PFD cannot be operated above 110 MHz due to a
limitation in the speed of the Σ-Δ circuit of the N divider.
1. Delay register (R7).
2. Step register (R6). Load the step register twice, first with
STEP SEL = 0 and then with STEP SEL = 1.
3. Deviation register (R5). Load the deviation register twice,
first with DEV SEL = 0 and then with DEV SEL = 1.
4. Clock register (R4). Load the clock register twice, first with
CLK DIV SEL = 0 and then with CLK DIV SEL = 1.
5. Function register (R3).
6. R divider register (R2).
7. LSB FRAC register (R1).
8. FRAC/INT register (R0).
CYCLE SLIP REDUCTION FOR FASTER LOCK TIMES
In fast locking applications, a wide loop filter bandwidth is
required for fast frequency acquisition, resulting in increased
integrated phase noise and reduced spur attenuation. Using cycle
slip reduction, the loop bandwidth can be kept narrow to reduce
integrated phase noise and attenuate spurs while still realizing fast
lock times.
RF SYNTHESIZER WORKED EXAMPLE
Cycle Slips
The following equation governs how the synthesizer must
be programmed.
Cycle slips occur in integer-N/fractional-N synthesizers when the
loop bandwidth is narrow compared with the PFD frequency. The
phase error at the PFD inputs accumulates too fast for the PLL to
correct, and the charge pump temporarily pumps in the wrong
direction, slowing down the lock time dramatically. The ADF4159
contains a cycle slip reduction circuit to extend the linear range
of the PFD, allowing faster lock times without loop filter changes.
RFOUT = (INT + (FRAC/225)) × fPFD
(4)
(5)
where:
RFOUT is the RF frequency output.
INT is the integer division factor.
FRAC is the fractionality.
When the ADF4159 detects that a cycle slip is about to occur, it
turns on an extra charge pump current cell. This outputs a constant
current to the loop filter or removes a constant current from the
loop filter (depending on whether the VCO tuning voltage must
increase or decrease to acquire the new frequency). The effect is
that the linear range of the PFD is increased. Stability is maintained
because the current is constant and is not a pulsed current.
The PFD frequency (fPFD) equation is
fPFD = REFIN × [(1 + D)/(R × (1 + T))]
where:
REFIN is the reference frequency input.
D is the RF REFIN doubler bit, Bit DB20 in Register R2 (0 or 1).
R is the RF reference division factor (1 to 32).
T is the reference divide-by-2 bit, Bit DB21 in Register R2 (0 or 1).
If the phase error increases again to a point where another cycle
slip is likely, the ADF4159 turns on another charge pump cell. This
continues until the ADF4159 detects that the VCO frequency has
exceeded the desired frequency. It then begins to turn off the
extra charge pump cells one by one until they are all turned off
and the frequency is settled.
For example, in a system where a 12.102 GHz RF frequency
output (RFOUT) is required and a 100 MHz reference frequency
input (REFIN) is available, the frequency resolution is
f
f
RES = REFIN/225
RES = 100 MHz/225 = 2.98 Hz
(6)
Up to seven extra charge pump cells can be turned on. In most
applications, seven cells is enough to eliminate cycle slips alto-
gether, giving much faster lock times.
From Equation 5,
f
PFD = [100 MHz × (1 + 0)/1] = 100 MHz
12.102 GHz = 100 MHz × (N + FRAC/225)
When Bit DB28 in the R divider register (Register R2) is set to 1,
cycle slip reduction is enabled. Note that a 45% to 55% duty cycle
is needed on the signal at the PFD in order for CSR to operate
correctly. The reference divide-by-2 flip-flop can help to provide
a 50% duty cycle at the PFD. For example, if a 100 MHz reference
frequency is available and the user wants to run the PFD at
10 MHz, setting the R divide factor to 10 results in a 10 MHz PFD
signal that is not 50% duty cycle. By setting the R divide factor
to 5 and enabling the reference divide-by-2 bit, a 50% duty cycle
10 MHz signal can be achieved.
Calculating the N and FRAC values,
N = int(RFOUT/fPFD) = 121
FRAC = FMSB × 213 + FLSB
F
F
MSB = int(((RFOUT/fPFD) − N) × 212) = 81
LSB = int(((((RFOUT/fPFD) − N) × 212) − FMSB) × 213) = 7536
where:
F
F
MSB is the 12-bit MSB FRAC value in Register R0.
LSB is the 13-bit LSB FRAC value in Register R1.
int() makes an integer of the argument in parentheses.
Rev. E | Page 25 of 36
ADF4159
Data Sheet
Note that the cycle slip reduction feature can only be operated
when the phase detector polarity setting is positive (Bit DB6 in
Register R3 is set to 1). It cannot be used if the phase detector
polarity is negative.
WAVEFORM GENERATION
The ADF4159 is capable of generating five types of waveforms
in the frequency domain: single ramp burst, single triangular
burst, single sawtooth burst, continuous sawtooth ramp, and
continuous triangular ramp. Figure 33 through Figure 37 show
the types of waveforms available.
MODULATION
The ADF4159 can operate in frequency shift keying (FSK) or
phase shift keying (PSK) mode.
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
FSK is implemented by configuring the ADF4159 N divider
for the center frequency and then toggling the TXDATA pin.
The deviation from the center frequency is set by
f
DEV = (fPFD/225) × (DEV × 2DEV_OFFSET
where:
PFD is the PFD frequency.
DEV is a 16-bit word (Bits DB[18:3] in Register R5).
)
(7)
TIME
Figure 33. Single Ramp Burst
f
DEV_OFFSET is a 4-bit word (Bits DB[22:19] in Register R5).
The ADF4159 implements fDEV by incrementing or decrementing
the configured N divider value by DEV × 2DEV_OFFSET
.
FSK Settings Worked Example
In this example, an FSK system operates at 5.8 GHz with a
25 MHz fPFD, requiring 250 kHz deviation (fDEV).
TIME
Figure 34. Single Triangular Burst
Rearrange Equation 7 as follows:
(DEV × 2DEV_OFFSET) = fDEV/(fPFD/225)
(DEV × 2DEV_OFFSET) = 250 kHz/(25 MHz/225)
(DEV × 2DEV_OFFSET) = 335,544.32
If DEV_OFFSET is set to 6,
DEV = 335,544.32/(26) = 5242.88 ≈ 5243
TIME
Figure 35. Single Sawtooth Burst
Due to the rounding of DEV, fDEV = 250.005722 kHz.
Toggling the TXDATA pin causes the frequency to hop between
250 kHz from the programmed center frequency.
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
When the ADF4159 is configured for PSK mode, the output
phase of the ADF4159 is equal to
(Phase Value × 360°)/212
TIME
Figure 36. Continuous Sawtooth Ramp
The phase value is set in Register 1, Bits DB[14:3]. The PSK
modulation is controlled by the TXDATA pin.
For example, if the phase value is 1024, a logic high on the TXDATA
pin results in a 90° increase of the output phase. A logic low on
the TXDATA pin results in a 90° decrease of the output phase. The
polarity can be inverted by negating the phase value.
TIME
Figure 37. Continuous Triangular Ramp
Rev. E | Page 26 of 36
Data Sheet
ADF4159
WAVEFORM DEVIATIONS AND TIMING
SINGLE TRIANGULAR BURST
Figure 38 shows a version of a ramp.
The single triangular burst is similar to the single ramp burst.
However, when the steps are completed, the ADF4159 begins
to decrement the N divider value by DEV × 2DEV_OFFSET on each
timeout interval.
TIMER
fDEV
SINGLE SAWTOOTH BURST
In the single sawtooth burst, the N divider value is reset to its
initial value on the next timeout interval after the number of
steps has taken place. The ADF4159 retains this N divider value.
TIME
SAWTOOTH RAMP
Figure 38. Waveform Timing
The sawtooth ramp is a repeated version of the single sawtooth
burst. The waveform is repeated until the ramp is disabled.
The key parameters that define a ramp are
•
•
•
Frequency deviation
Timeout interval
Number of steps
TRIANGULAR RAMP
The triangular ramp is a repeated version of the single triangu-
lar burst. However, when the steps are completed, the ADF4159
begins to decrement the N divider value by DEV × 2DEV_OFFSET on
each timeout interval. When the number of steps has again been
completed, the part reverts to incrementing the N divider value.
Repeating this pattern creates a triangular waveform. The wave-
form is repeated until the ramp is disabled.
Frequency Deviation
The frequency deviation for each frequency hop is set by
DEV = (fPFD/225) × (DEV × 2DEV_OFFSET
where:
PFD is the PFD frequency.
DEV is a 16-bit word (Bits DB[18:3] in Register R5).
f
)
(7)
f
FMCW RADAR RAMP SETTINGS WORKED EXAMPLE
This example describes a frequency modulated continuous wave
(FMCW) radar system that requires the RF LO to use a sawtooth
ramp over a 50 MHz range every 2 ms. The PFD frequency is
25 MHz, and the RF output range is 5800 MHz to 5850 MHz.
DEV_OFFSET is a 4-bit word (Bits DB[22:19] in Register R5).
Timeout Interval
The time between each frequency hop is set by
Timer = CLK1 × CLK2 × (1/fPFD
where:
)
(8)
The frequency deviation for each hop in the ramp is set to
~250 kHz.
CLK1 and CLK2 are the 12-bit clock values (12-bit CLK1 divider in
Register R2 and 12-bit CLK2 divider in Register R4). Bits DB[20:19]
in Register R4 must be set to 11 for ramp divider.
The frequency resolution of the ADF4159 is calculated
as follows:
f
RES = fPFD/225
Using Equation 9, fRES is calculated as follows:
RES = 25 MHz/225 = 0.745 Hz
(9)
fPFD is the PFD frequency.
Either CLK1 or CLK2 must be greater than 1, that is, CLK1 =
CLK2 = 1 is not allowed.
f
DEV_OFFSET is calculated after rearranging Equation 7.
Number of Steps
DEV_OFFSET = log2(fDEV/(fRES × DEVMAX))
(10)
(11)
A 20-bit step value (Bits DB[22:3] in Register R6) defines the
number of frequency hops that take place. The INT value cannot
be incremented by more than 28 = 256 from its starting value.
Expressed in log10(x), Equation 10 can be rearranged into
the following equation:
SINGLE RAMP BURST
DEV_OFFSET = log10(fDEV/(fRES × DEVMAX))/log10(2)
The most basic waveform is the single ramp burst. All other
waveforms are variations of this waveform. In the single ramp
burst, the ADF4159 is locked to the frequency defined in the
FRAC/INT register (R0). When the ramp mode is enabled, the
where:
f
DEV is the frequency deviation.
DEVMAX = 215 (maximum value of the deviation word).
DEV_OFFSET is a 4-bit word.
ADF4159 increments the N divider value by DEV × 2DEV_OFFSET
,
Using Equation 11, DEV_OFFSET is calculated as follows:
DEV_OFFSET = log10(250 kHz/(0.745 Hz × 215))/log10(2) = 3.356
causing a frequency shift, fDEV, on each timer interval. This shift
is repeated until the set number of steps has taken place. The
ADF4159 then retains the final N divider value.
After rounding, DEV_OFFSET = 4.
Rev. E | Page 27 of 36
ADF4159
Data Sheet
From DEV_OFFSET, the resolution of the frequency deviation
can be calculated as follows:
OTHER WAVEFORMS
Dual Ramps with Different Ramp Rates
f
f
DEV_RES = fRES × 2DEV_OFFSET
DEV_RES = 0.745 Hz × 24 = 11.92 Hz
(12)
The ADF4159 can be configured for two ramps with different
step and deviation settings. It also allows the ramp rate to be
reprogrammed while another ramp is running.
To calculate the DEV word, use Equation 13.
Example
DEV = fDEV/(fRES × 2DEV_OFFSET
)
(13)
In this example, the PLL is locked to 5790 MHz and
fPFD = 25 MHz. Two ramps are configured, as follows:
250 kHz
DEV =
= 20,971.52
25 MHz
225
×24
•
Ramp 1 jumps 100 steps; each step lasts 10 µs and has a
frequency deviation of 100 kHz.
Rounding this value to 20,972 and recalculating using Equation 7
to obtain the actual deviation frequency, fDEV, thus produces the
following:
•
Ramp 2 jumps 80 steps; each step lasts 10 µs and has a
frequency deviation of 125 kHz.
To enable the two ramp rates, follow these steps:
f
DEV = (25 MHz/225) × (20,972 × 24) = 250.006 kHz
1. Activate the dual ramp rates mode by setting Bit DB24
The number of fDEV steps required to cover the 50 MHz range
is 50 MHz/250.006 kHz = 200. To cover the 50 MHz range in
2 ms, the ADF4159 must hop every 2 ms/200 = 10 µs.
in Register R5 to 1.
2. Program the ramp rate for Ramp 1 by setting the following
values:
Rearrange Equation 8 to set the timer value (and set CLK2 to 1):
CLK1 = Timer × fPFD/CLK2 = 10 µs × 25 MHz/1 = 250
To summarize the settings,
•
Register R5: set Bit DB23 = 0, Bits DB[18:3] = 16,777,
and Bits DB[22:19] = 3
•
Register R6: set Bit DB23 = 0 and Bits DB[22:3] = 100
•
•
•
•
DEV = 20,972
Number of steps = 200
CLK1 = 250
3. Program the ramp rate for Ramp 2 by setting the following
values:
•
Register R5: set Bit DB23 = 1, Bits DB[18:3] = 20,972,
and Bits DB[22:19] = 3
CLK2 = 1 (Bits DB[20:19] = 11, ramp divider, in Register R4)
Using these settings, program the ADF4159 to a center frequency
of 5800 MHz and enable the sawtooth ramp to produce the
required waveform. If a triangular ramp is used with the same
settings, the ADF4159 sweeps from 5800 MHz to 5850 MHz and
back down again, taking 4 ms for the entire sweep.
•
Register R6: set Bit DB23 = 1 and Bits DB[22:3] = 80
Figure 39 shows the resulting ramp with two ramp rates. To
activate the ramp, see the Activating the Ramp section.
SWEEP RATE SET BY OTHER REGISTER
ACTIVATING THE RAMP
After setting all required parameters, the ramp must be activated by
choosing the desired type of ramp (Bits DB[11:10] in Register R3)
and starting the ramp (Bit DB31 = 1 in Register R0).
SWEEP RATE SET BY ONE REGISTER
Ramp Programming Sequence
TIME
The setting of parameters described in the FMCW Radar Ramp
Settings Worked Example section and the activation of the ramp
described in the Activating the Ramp section must be completed
in the following register write order:
Figure 39. Dual Ramp with Two Sweep Rates
1. Delay register (R7)
2. Step register (R6)
3. Deviation register (R5)
4. Clock register (R4)
5. Function register (R3)
6. R divider register (R2)
7. LSB FRAC register (R1)
8. FRAC/INT register (R0)
Rev. E | Page 28 of 36
Data Sheet
ADF4159
Ramp Mode with Superimposed FSK Signal
Delayed Start
In traditional approaches, FMCW radars use either linear
frequency modulation (LFM) or FSK modulation. Used sepa-
rately, these modulations introduce ambiguity between measured
distance and velocity, especially in multitarget situations. To over-
come this issue and enable unambiguous (distance and velocity)
multitarget detection, use a ramp with FSK superimposed on it.
A delayed start can be used with two different parts to control
the start time. Figure 41 shows the theory of delayed start.
RAMP WITHOUT
DELAYED START
Example
In this example, the PLL is locked to 5790 MHz and fPFD
25 MHz. The ramp with superimposed FSK is configured as
follows:
=
RAMP WITH
DELAYED START
TIME
Figure 41. Delayed Start of Sawtooth Ramp
•
The number of steps is set to 100; each step lasts 10 µs
and has a deviation of 100 kHz.
Example
•
The FSK signal is 25 kHz.
For example, to program a delayed start with two different parts
to control the start time, follow these steps:
To enable ramp mode with FSK superimposed on it, follow
these steps:
1. Enable the delayed start of ramp option by setting Bit DB15
in Register R7 to 1.
2. Delay the ramp on the first part by 5 µs by setting Bit DB16
in Register R7 to 0 and setting the 12-bit delay start word
(Bits DB[14:3] in Register R7) to 125 (fPFD = 25 MHz). The
delay is calculated as follows:
1. Set Bit DB23 in Register R5 and Bit DB23 in Register R6
to 0.
2. Program the ramp as described in the FMCW Radar Ramp
Settings Worked Example section.
3. Program FSK on the ramp to 25 kHz by setting the bits in
Register R5 as follows:
Delay = tPFD × Delay Start Word
Delay = 40 ns × 125 = 5 µs
•
•
•
•
DB[18:3] = 4194 (deviation word)
3. Delay the ramp on the second part by 125 µs by setting
Bit DB16 in Register R7 to 1 and setting the 12-bit delay
start word (Bits DB[14:3] in Register R7) to 125. The delay
is calculated as follows:
DB[22:19] = 3 (deviation offset word)
DB23 = 1 (deviation word for FSK on the ramp)
DB25 = 1 (ramp with FSK enabled)
Figure 40 shows an example of a ramp with FSK superimposed
on it. To activate the ramp, see the Activating the Ramp section.
Delay = tPFD × CLK1 × Delay Start Word
Delay = 40 ns × 25 × 125 = 125 µs
To activate the ramp, see the Activating the Ramp section.
FSK SHIFT
LFMSTEP =
FREQUENCY
SWEEP/NUMBER
OF STEPS
0
RAMP END
TIME
Figure 40. Combined FSK and LFM Waveform
Rev. E | Page 29 of 36
ADF4159
Data Sheet
Delay Between Ramps
It is also possible to activate fast lock operation for the first
period of delay by setting Bit DB18 in Register R7 to 1. This
feature is useful for sawtooth ramps to mitigate the frequency
overshoot on the transition from one sawtooth to the next.
The ADF4159 can be configured to add a delay between bursts in
ramps. Figure 42, Figure 43, and Figure 44 show a delay between
ramps in sawtooth, triangular, and clipped triangular mode,
respectively.
To activate the ramp, see the Activating the Ramp section.
Dual Ramp Rates Mode with Delay
DELAY
This mode combines the modes described in the Dual Ramps
with Different Ramp Rates section and the Delay Between
Ramps section (see Figure 45).
TIME
Figure 42. Delay Between Ramps for Sawtooth Mode
TIME
Figure 45. Dual Ramp Rates Mode with Delay
To enable this configuration,
1. Program the two ramp rates mode as described in the
Dual Ramps with Different Ramp Rates section.
2. Program the delay as described in the Delay Between
Ramps section.
TIME
Figure 43. Delay Between Ramps for Triangular Mode
Parabolic (Nonlinear) Ramp Mode
The ADF4159 is capable of generating a parabolic ramp (see
Figure 46).
DELAY
TIME
Figure 44. Delay Between Ramps for Clipped Triangular Mode
Example
For example, to add a delay between bursts in a ramp, follow
these steps:
TIME
1. Enable the delay between ramps option by setting Bit DB17
in Register R7 to 1.
Figure 46. Parabolic Ramp
2. Delay the ramp by 5 µs by setting Bit DB16 in Register R7
to 0 and setting the 12-bit delay start word (Bits DB[14:3] in
Register R7) to 125 (fPFD = 25 MHz). The delay is calculated
as follows:
The output frequency is generated according to the following
equation:
f
OUT(n + 1) = fOUT(n) + n × fDEV
where:
OUT is the output frequency.
n is the step number.
DEV is the frequency deviation.
Example
(14)
Delay = tPFD × Delay Start Word
Delay = 40 ns × 125 = 5 µs
f
If a longer delay is needed, for example, 125 µs, set Bit DB16 in
Register R7 to 1, and set the 12-bit delay start word (Bits DB[14:3]
in Register R7) to 125. The delay is calculated as follows:
f
This example describes how to set up and use the parabolic ramp
mode with the following parameters:
Delay = tPFD × CLK1 × Delay Start Word
Delay = 40 ns × 25 × 125 = 125 µs
•
•
•
•
f
f
OUT = 5790 MHz
DEV = 100 kHz
Number of steps = 50
Duration of a single step = 10 µs
Rev. E | Page 30 of 36
Data Sheet
ADF4159
To set up the parabolic ramp mode, follow these steps:
1. Configure one of the following ramp modes:
4. Program the down ramp as follows.
a. Set Bit DB6 in Register R4 (CLK DIV SEL), Bit DB23
in Register R5 (DEV SEL), and Bit DB23 in Register R6
(STEP SEL) to 1 for Ramp 2.
•
•
Continuous triangular ramp (set Register R3,
Bits DB[11:10] to 01).
Single ramp burst (set Register R3, Bits DB[11:10]
to 11).
b. Calculate and program the timer, DEV, DEV_OFFSET,
and the step word as described in the FMCW Radar
Ramp Settings Worked Example section.
For the continuous triangular ramp, the generated frequency
range is calculated as follows:
5. Start the ramp by setting Bit DB31 = 1 in Register R0.
Note that the total frequency change of the up and down ramps
must be equal for stability.
Δf = fDEV × (Number of Steps + 2) × (Number of Steps + 1)/2
= 132.6 MHz
RAMP COMPLETE SIGNAL TO MUXOUT
For the single ramp burst, the generated frequency range is
calculated as follows:
Figure 48 shows the ramp complete signal on MUXOUT.
Δf = fDEV × (Number of Steps + 1) × Number of Steps/2
= 127.5 MHz
2. Set the timer as described for the linear ramps in the
Timeout Interval section.
3. Activate the parabolic ramp by setting Bit DB28 in
Register R5 to 1.
TIME
4. Set the counter reset (Bit DB3 in Register R3) to 1 and then
set it to 0.
To activate the ramp, see the Activating the Ramp section.
Fast Ramp Mode
The ADF4159 is capable of generating a fast ramp. The fast ramp
is a triangular ramp with two different slopes (see Figure 47).
The number of steps, time per step, and deviation per step are
programmable for both the up and down ramps.
TIME
Figure 48. Ramp Complete Signal on MUXOUT
To activate this function, set Bits DB[30:27] in Register R0
to 1111, and set Bits DB[25:21] in Register R4 to 00011.
EXTERNAL CONTROL OF RAMP STEPS
The internal ramp clock can be bypassed and each step can be
triggered by a pulse on the TXDATA pin. This allows for more
transparent control of each step. Enable this feature by setting
Bit DB29 in Register R5 to 1.
RF
OUT
TIME
Figure 47. Fast Ramp Mode
To activate the fast ramp waveform, follow these steps:
TIME
1. Select the continuous triangular waveform by setting
Bits DB[11:10] in Register R3 to 01.
2. Enable the fast ramp by setting Bit DB19 in Register R7 to 1.
3. Program the up ramp as follows.
TX
DATA
a. Set Bit DB6 in Register R4 (CLK DIV SEL), Bit DB23
in Register R5 (DEV SEL), and Bit DB23 in Register R6
(STEP SEL) to 0 for Ramp 1.
TIME
Figure 49. External Control of Ramp Steps
b. Calculate and program the timer, DEV, DEV_OFFSET,
and the step word as described in the FMCW Radar
Ramp Settings Worked Example section.
Rev. E | Page 31 of 36
ADF4159
Data Sheet
When an interrupt takes place, the data, consisting of the INT
and FRAC values, can be read back via MUXOUT. The data
comprises 37 bits: 12 bits represent the INT value and 25 bits
represent the FRAC value. Figure 51 shows how single bits
are read back.
INTERRUPT MODES AND FREQUENCY READBACK
Interrupt modes are triggered from the rising edge of TXDATA
.
To activate this function, set Bits DB[30:27] in Register R0 to
1111, and set Bits DB[25:21] in Register R4 to 00010. To select
and enable the interrupt mode, set Bits DB[27:26] in Register R5
as shown in Table 8. A ramp must be active for readback to work.
DATA CLOCKED OUT ON POSITIVE EDGE OF CLK AND READ
ON NEGATIVE EDGE OF CLK READBACK WORD (37 BITS)
0 0001 1100 1111 0110 0010 0011 1010 0111 1000 (0x1CF623A78)
Table 8. Interrupt Modes (Register R5)
TX
LE
DATA
Bits DB[27:26]
Interrupt Mode
00
01
11
Interrupt is off
Interrupt on TXDATA, sweep continues
Interrupt on TXDATA, sweep stops
CLK
MUXOUT
LSB
MSB
12-BIT INTEGER WORD
25-BIT FRAC WORD
1 0110 0010 0011 1010 0111 1000
0x1623A78
Figure 50 shows the theory of frequency readback.
0000 1110 0111
0x0E7
FREQUENCY AT WHICH INTERRUPT TOOK PLACE
231
23,214,712
1
2
25
RF = fPFD × (231 + 23,214,712/2 ) = 1.7922963GHz
Figure 51. Reading Back Single Bits to Determine the Output Frequency
at the Moment of Interrupt
For continuous frequency readback, the following sequence
must be used (see Figure 52).
TIME
TIME OF INTERRUPT
1. SWEEP CONTINUES MODE
2. SWEEP STOPS MODE
1. Register 0 write
2. LE high
3. Pulse on TXDATA
4. Frequency readback
5. Pulse on TXDATA
6. Register R4 write
7. Frequency readback
8. Pulse on TXDATA
INTERRUPT SIGNAL
LOGIC HIGH
LOGIC LOW
Figure 52 shows the continuous frequency readback sequence.
TIME
Figure 50. Interrupt and Frequency Readback
TX
DATA
32 CLK
PULSES
37 CLK
PULSES
32 CLK
PULSES
37 CLK
PULSES
32 CLK
PULSES
37 CLK
PULSES
CLK
FREQUENCY
READBACK
FREQUENCY
READBACK
FREQUENCY
READBACK
MUXOUT
R0 WRITE
R4 WRITE
R4 WRITE
DATA
LE
Figure 52. Continuous Frequency Readback
Rev. E | Page 32 of 36
Data Sheet
ADF4159
Fast Lock Loop Filter Topology
FAST LOCK MODE
To use fast lock mode, an extra connection from the PLL to the
loop filter is needed. The damping resistor in the loop filter must
be reduced to ¼ of its value in wide bandwidth mode. This reduc-
tion is required because the charge pump current is increased
by 16 in wide bandwidth mode, and stability must be ensured.
The ADF4159 can operate in fast lock mode. In this mode, the
charge pump current is boosted and additional resistors are
connected to maintain the stability of the loop.
Fast Lock Timer and Register Sequences
When fast lock mode is enabled (Register R4, DB[20:19]), after
a write to Register R0, the PLL operates in a wide bandwidth
mode for a selected amount of time. Before fast lock is enabled,
the initialization sequence must be performed after the part is
first powered up (see the Initialization Sequence section). The
time in bandwidth mode is set by:
To further enhance stability and mitigate frequency overshoot
during a frequency change in wide bandwidth mode, Resistor R3
is connected (see Figure 53). During fast lock, the SW1 pin is
shorted to ground, and the SW2 pin is connected to CP (set
Bits DB[20:19] in Register R4 to 01 for fast lock divider).
The following two topologies can be used:
CLK1 × CLK2 / fPFD = Time in wide bandwidth
•
Divide the damping resistor (R1) into two values (R1 and
R1A) that have a ratio of 1:3 (see Figure 53).
Connect an extra resistor (R1A) directly from SW1 (see
Figure 54). The extra resistor must be selected such that the
parallel combination of an extra resistor and the damping
resistor (R1) is reduced to ¼ of the original value of R1.
where:
CLK1 = Register R2, DB[14:3].
CLK2 = Register R4, DB[18:7].
•
fPFD = the PFD frequency.
Note that the fast lock feature does not work in ramp mode.
Fast Lock Example
For both topologies, the ratio R3:R2 must equal 1:4.
In this example, the PLL has fPFD of 100 MHz and requires being
in wide bandwidth mode for 12 µs.
R3
SW2
R2
VCO
CP
CLK1 × CLK2 / fPFD = 12 µs
CLK1 × CLK2 = (12 × 10−6)(100 × 106) = 1200
C1
C2
R1
C3
ADF4159
SW1
Therefore, CLK1 = 12 and CLK2 = 100, which results in 12 µs.
R1A
Figure 53. Fast Lock Loop Filter Topology 1
R3
SW2
R2
VCO
CP
C1
C2
R1
C3
ADF4159
R1A
SW1
Figure 54. Fast Lock Loop Filter Topology 2
For more fast lock topologies, see ADIsimPLL™.
Rev. E | Page 33 of 36
ADF4159
Data Sheet
Low Frequency Applications
SPUR MECHANISMS
The specification of the RF input is 0.5 GHz minimum; however,
RF frequencies lower than 0.5 GHz can be used if the minimum
slew rate specification of 400 V/µs is met. An appropriate driver—
for example, the ADCMP553—can be used to accelerate the edge
transitions of the RF signal before it is fed back to the ADF4159
RF input.
The fractional interpolator in the ADF4159 is a third-order Σ-Δ
modulator with a 25-bit fixed modulus (MOD). The Σ-Δ modu-
lator is clocked at the PFD reference rate (fPFD), which allows PLL
output frequencies to be synthesized at a channel step resolution
of fPFD/CLK1. This section describes the various spur mechanisms
that are possible with fractional-N synthesizers and how they
affect the ADF4159.
FILTER DESIGN USING ADIsimPLL
Fractional Spurs
A filter design and analysis program is available to help the user
implement PLL design. Visit http://www.analog.com/pll to down-
load the free ADIsimPLL™ software. This software designs,
simulates, and analyzes the entire PLL frequency domain and
time domain response. Various passive and active filter archi-
tectures are allowed.
In most fractional synthesizers, fractional spurs can appear
at the set channel spacing of the synthesizer. In the ADF4159,
these spurs do not appear. The high value of the fixed modulus
in the ADF4159 makes the Σ-Δ modulator quantization error
spectrum look like broadband noise, effectively spreading the
fractional spurs into noise.
PCB DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR THE CHIP SCALE
PACKAGE
Integer Boundary Spurs
Interactions between the RF VCO frequency and the PFD
frequency can lead to spurs known as integer boundary spurs.
When these frequencies are not integer related (which is the
purpose of a fractional-N synthesizer), spur sidebands appear
on the VCO output spectrum at an offset frequency that corre-
sponds to the beat note, or difference frequency, between an
integer multiple of the PFD and the VCO frequency.
The lands on the chip scale package (CP-24-10) are rectangular.
The printed circuit board (PCB) pad for these lands must be
0.1 mm longer than the package land length and 0.05 mm wider
than the package land width. Center the land on the pad to ensure
that the solder joint size is maximized.
The bottom of the chip scale package has a central exposed
thermal pad. The thermal pad on the PCB must be at least as
large as this exposed pad. On the PCB, there must be a clearance
of at least 0.25 mm between the thermal pad and the inner edges
of the pad pattern to ensure that shorting is avoided.
These spurs are called integer boundary spurs because they are
more noticeable on channels close to integer multiples of the PFD,
where the difference frequency can be inside the loop bandwidth.
These spurs are attenuated by the loop filter on channels far from
integer multiples of the PFD.
Thermal vias can be used on the PCB thermal pad to improve
the thermal performance of the package. If vias are used, incor-
porate them into the thermal pad at the 1.2 mm pitch grid. The
via diameter must be between 0.3 mm and 0.33 mm, and the
via barrel must be plated with 1 ounce of copper to plug the via.
Connect the PCB thermal pad to AGND.
Reference Spurs
Reference spurs are generally not a problem in fractional-N
synthesizers because the reference offset is far outside the loop
bandwidth. However, any reference feedthrough mechanism
that bypasses the loop can cause a problem. One such mecha-
nism is the feedthrough of low levels of on-chip reference switching
noise out through the RFINx pins back to the VCO, resulting in
reference spur levels as high as −90 dBc. Take care in the PCB
layout to ensure that the VCO is well separated from the input
reference to avoid a possible feedthrough path on the board.
Rev. E | Page 34 of 36
Data Sheet
ADF4159
APPLICATION OF THE ADF4159 IN FMCW RADAR
Figure 55 shows the application of the ADF4159 in a frequency
modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar system. In the FMCW
radar system, the ADF4159 is used to generate the sawtooth or
triangle ramps that are necessary for this type of radar to operate.
The PLL solution also has advantages over another method for
generating FMCW ramps: a DAC driving the VCO directly; this
method suffers from nonlinearities of the VCO tuning character-
istics, requiring compensation. The PLL method produces highly
linear ramps without the need for calibration.
Traditionally, the PLL was driven directly by a direct digital
synthesizer (DDS) to generate the required type of waveform. Due
to the waveform generating mechanism that is implemented on
the ADF4159, a DDS is no longer needed, which reduces cost.
NO DDS REQUIRED
WITH ADF4159
LINEAR
FREQUENCY
SWEEP
REFERENCE
OSCILLATOR
VCO
Tx
ADF4159
×2
PA
ANTENNA
MULT ×2
Rx
ANTENNAS
AD8283
BASEBAND
MICRO-
CONTROLLER
HPF
DSP
ADC
MUX
:
.
MIXER
10 BITS TO
12 BITS
16 BITS
.
RANGE
COMPENSATION
ADSP-BF531
BUS
CAN/FLEXRAY
FREQUENCY MODULATED CONTINUOUS WAVE
LONG RANGE RADAR
Figure 55. FMCW Radar with the ADF4159
Rev. E | Page 35 of 36
ADF4159
Data Sheet
OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
4.10
4.00 SQ
3.90
0.30
0.25
0.20
PIN 1
INDICATOR
PIN 1
INDICATOR
24
19
18
0.50
BSC
1
6
EXPOSED
PAD
2.20
2.10 SQ
2.00
13
12
7
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.25 MIN
TOP VIEW
BOTTOM VIEW
FOR PROPER CONNECTION OF
THE EXPOSED PAD, REFER TO
THE PIN CONFIGURATION AND
FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.05 MAX
0.02 NOM
SECTION OF THIS DATA SHEET.
COPLANARITY
0.08
0.20 REF
SEATING
PLANE
COMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MO-220-WGGD-8.
Figure 56. 24-Lead Lead Frame Chip Scale Package [LFCSP_WQ]
4 mm × 4 mm Body, Very Very Thin Quad
(CP-24-10)
Dimensions shown in millimeters
ORDERING GUIDE
Model1, 2
ADF4159CCPZ
ADF4159CCPZ-RL7
ADF4159WCCPZ
ADF4159WCCPZ-RL7
EV-ADF4159EB1Z
Temperature Range
−40°C to +125°C
−40°C to +125°C
−40°C to +125°C
−40°C to +125°C
Package Description
Package Option
24-Lead Lead Frame Chip Scale Package [LFCSP_WQ]
24-Lead Lead Frame Chip Scale Package [LFCSP_WQ]
24-Lead Lead Frame Chip Scale Package [LFCSP_WQ]
24-Lead Lead Frame Chip Scale Package [LFCSP_WQ]
CP-24-10
CP-24-10
CP-24-10
CP-24-10
Evaluation Board (12 GHz VCO, 284 kHz Loop Bandwidth,
48° Phase Margin)
EV-ADF4159EB3Z
Evaluation Board (Set up for External, SMA Connected
VCO Board; Filter Unpopulated)
1 Z = RoHS Compliant Part.
2 W = Qualified for automotive applications.
AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCTS
The ADF4159W models are available with controlled manufacturing to support the quality and reliability requirements of automotive
applications. Note that these automotive models may have specifications that differ from the commercial models; therefore, designers
should review the Specifications section of this data sheet carefully. Only the automotive grade products shown are available for use in
automotive applications. Contact your local Analog Devices account representative for specific product ordering information and to
obtain the specific Automotive Reliability reports for these models.
©2013–2014 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks and
registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
D10849-0-7/14(E)
Rev. E | Page 36 of 36
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