222286744688 [NXP]
Surface mount ceramic multilayer capacitors; 表面贴装多层陶瓷电容器
| 型号： | 222286744688 |
| 厂家： | 
NXP |
| 描述： | Surface mount ceramic multilayer capacitors |
| 文件： | 总15页 (文件大小：782K) |
| 中文： | 中文翻译 | 下载： | 下载PDF数据表文档文件 |
DISCRETE CERAMICS
DATA SHEET
Class 1, NP0 50/100/200/500 V
Noble Metal Electrode
Surface mount ceramic
multilayer capacitors
Product specification
2000 Sep 11
Supersedes data of 24th May 2000
File under Discrete Ceramics, ACM2
Philips Components
Product specification
Surface mount ceramic
multilayer capacitors
Class 1, NP0 50/100/200/500 V
Noble Metal Electrode
FEATURES
QUICK REFERENCE DATA
• Seven standard sizes
DESCRIPTION
VALUE
• High capacitance per unit volume
Rated voltage UR (DC)
50 V, 100 V, 200 V and 500 V (IEC)
• Supplied in tape on reel or in bulk
case (case sizes 0402, 0603 and
0805 only)
Capacitance range (E12 series);
note 1:
50 V; note 2
100 V
0.47 pF to 47000 pF
10 pF to 22 nF
• For high frequency applications
• NiSn terminations (AgPd on
request).
200 V
10 pF to 5600 pF
10 pF to 3300 pF
500 V
Tolerance on capacitance:
C ≥ 10 pF
APPLICATIONS
±5%; ±2%
• Consumer electronics
• Telecommunications
• Automotive
C < 10 pF
±0.5 pF; ±0.25 pF
Test voltage (DC) for 1 minute:
50 V and 100 V
200 V
2.5 × UR
3 × UR
2 × UR
• Data processing.
500 V
DESCRIPTION
Sectional specifications
IEC 60384-10, second edition 1989-04;
also based on CECC 32 100
The capacitor consists of a
Detailed specification
based on CECC 32 101-801
55/125/56
rectangular block of ceramic dielectric
in which a number of interleaved
precious metal electrodes are
contained. This structure gives rise to
a high capacitance per unit volume.
Climatic category (IEC 60068)
Notes
1. Other values below 10 pF and non E12 series are available on request.
2. Also applicable for applications up to 63 V.
The inner electrodes are connected to
the two terminations, either by silver
palladium (AgPd) alloy in the ratio
65 : 35, or silver dipped with a barrier
layer of plated nickel and finally
covered with a layer of plated tin
(NiSn). A cross section of the
terminations
structure is shown in Fig.1.
electrodes
MLB457
ceramic material
Fig.1 Construction of a ceramic multilayer capacitor.
2000 Sep 11
2
Philips Components
Product specification
Surface mount ceramic
multilayer capacitors
Class 1, NP0 50/100/200/500 V
Noble Metal Electrode
MECHANICAL DATA
W
T
L
L
L
L
3
2
4
1
MBB211
For dimensions see Table 1.
Fig.2 Component outline.
Physical dimensions
Table 1 Capacitor dimensions
T
L2 and L3
L4
MIN.
CASE SIZE
L1
W
MIN.
MAX.
MIN.
MAX.
Dimensions in millimetres
0402
0603
0805
1206
1210
1812
2220
1.0 ±0.05
1.6 ±0.10
2.0 ±0.10
3.2 ±0.15
3.2 ±0.20
4.5 ±0.20
5.7 ±0.20
0.5 ±0.05
0.8 ±0.07
1.25 ±0.10
1.6 ±0.15
2.5 ±0.20
3.2 ±0.20
5.0 ±0.20
0.45
0.73
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.55
0.87
1.35
1.75
1.80
1.80
1.80
0.20
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.30
0.65
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.40
0.40
0.55
1.40
1.40
2.20
2.90
Dimensions in inches
0402
0603
0805
1206
1210
1812
2220
0.040 ±0.002
0.020 ±0.002
0.032 ±0.003
0.049 ±0.004
0.063 ±0.006
0.098 ±0.008
0.126 ±0.008
0.197 ±0.008
0.018
0.029
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.022
0.035
0.053
0.069
0.072
0.072
0.072
0.008
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.012
0.026
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.016
0.016
0.022
0.056
0.056
0.088
0.114
0.063 ±0.004
0.079 ±0.004
0.126 ±0.006
0.126 ±0.008
0.177 ±0.008
0.224 ±0.008
2000 Sep 11
3
Philips Components
Product specification
Surface mount ceramic
multilayer capacitors
Class 1, NP0 50 V
Noble Metal Electrode
SELECTION CHART FOR 50 V
LAST
50 V
1206
C
THREE DIGITS
(pF)
0402
0603
0805
1210
1812
2220
OF 12NC
0.47
0.56
0.68
0.82
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.2
2.7
3.3
3.9
4.7
5.6
6.8
8.2
477
567
687
827
108
128
158
188
228
278
338
398
478
568
688
828
109
129
159
189
229
279
339
399
479
569
689
829
101
121
151
181
221
271
331
391
471
561
681
821
102
122
152
182
222
272
332
10
0.5 ±0.05
12
15
18
0.8 ±0.07
22
27
33
0.6 ±0.1
39
47
56
0.6 ±0.1
68
82
100
120
150
180
220
270
330
390
470
560
680
820
1000
1200
1500
1800
2200
2700
3300
S
0.5 to 1.0
0.85 ±0.1
1.25 ±0.1
0.5 to 1.0
3900
4700
392
472
562
682
822
103
123
0.85 ±0.1
1.15 ±0.1
5600
6800
8200
Values in shaded cells indicate thickness classification.
10000
12000
0.5 to 1.0
2000 Sep 11
4
Philips Components
Product specification
Surface mount ceramic
multilayer capacitors
Class 1, NP0 50 V
Noble Metal Electrode
LAST
50 V
1206
C
THREE DIGITS
(pF)
0402
0603
0805
1210
1812
2220
OF 12NC
15000
18000
22000
27000
33000
39000
47000
153
183
223
273
333
393
473
0.5 to 1.0
0.9 to 1.3
0.5 to 1.0
0.9 to 1.3
Thickness classification and packaging quantities
8 mm TAPE WIDTH
AMOUNT PER REEL
12 mm TAPE WIDTH
AMOUNT PER REEL
AMOUNT
PER BULK CASE
THICKNESS
CLASSIFICATION
(mm)
180 mm; 7" 330 mm; 13"
180 mm; 7" BLISTER
PAPER
BLISTER
PAPER
BLISTER
1812
2220
0402
0603
0805
0.5 ±0.05
0.6 ±0.1
10000
4000
4000
−
−
50000
−
−
−
−
50000
−
−
10000
8000
−
−
20000
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
0.85 ±0.1
0.5 to 1.0
0.8 ±0.07
0.9 to 1.3
1.15 ±0.1
1.25 ±0.1
−
15000
−
−
2000
−
−
−
4000
−
−
10000
−
1500
−
4000
−
15000
−
−
−
−
15000
−
3000
3000
3000
−
−
−
10000
10000
10000
1500
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
5000
2000 Sep 11
5
Philips Components
Product specification
Surface mount ceramic
multilayer capacitors
Class 1, NP0 50 V
Noble Metal Electrode
ORDERING INFORMATION FOR 50 V
Components may be ordered by using either a simple 15-digit clear text code or Philips unique 12NC.
Clear text code
EXAMPLE: 0805CG102J9B200
SIZE
CODE
TEMP.
CHAR.
CAPACITANCE
TOL.
VOLTAGE TERMINATION
PACKAGING
MARKING
SERIES
0402
CG = NP0 102 = 1000 pF;
the third digit
signifies the
multiplying factor:
8 = × 0.01
C = ±0.25 pF 9 = 50 V
D = ±0.5 pF
B = NiSn
2 = 180 mm; 7" paper
0 = no marking
0 = conv.
ceramic
0603
0805
1206
1210
1812
A = AgPd
(2220 only)
3 = 330 mm; 13" paper 2 = 2-character
marking in North
G = ±2%
B = 180 mm; 7" blister
America only
J = ±5%
F = 330 mm; 13" blister
P = bulk case
9 = × 0.1
0 = × 1
1 = × 10
2 = × 100
3 = × 1000
2220
(AgPd only)
Ordering code 12NC
2 2 X X 8 6 X X X X X X
(1)
Carrier type
Capacitance value
22 blister
38 paper
54 bulk
Size
9
7
1
3
2
5
6
0402
0603
0805
1206
1210
1812
2220 (AgPd only)
Tolerance
NiSn terminations
4
±0.25 pF for C = 5.6 to 8.2 pF
±2% for C ≥ 10 pF
5
±0.25 pF for C = 0.47 to 4.7 pF
±0.5 pF for C = 5.6 to 8.2 pF
±5% for C ≥ 10 pF
(2)
Packaging
1
7
4
reel: 180 mm; 7"
reel: 330 mm; 13"
bulk case
AgPd terminations
1
2
±2% for C ≥ 10 pF
±5% for C ≥ 10 pF
CCA622
(1) Refer to chapter “Selection chart for 50 V”.
(2) Amount on reel depends on thickness classification, see section “Thickness classification and packaging quantities”.
2000 Sep 11
6
Philips Components
Product specification
Surface mount ceramic
multilayer capacitors
Class 1, NP0 100 V
Noble Metal Electrode
SELECTION CHART FOR 100 V
LAST
100 V
1206
C
TWO DIGITS
(pF)
0603
0805
1210
1812
OF 12NC
10
12
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
71
72
15
18
22
27
33
39
47
56
68
82
0.8 ±0.07
100
120
0.6 ±0.1
150
180
220
0.6 ±0.1
270
330
390
470
560
680
820
1000
1200
1500
1800
2200
2700
3300
3900
4700
5600
6800
8200
10000
12000
15000
18000
22000
27000
33000
39000
47000
0.85 ±0.1
1.25 ±0.1
0.85 ±0.1
1.15 ±0.1
0.5 to 1.0
Values in shaded cells indicate thickness classification.
0.5 to 1.0
0.9 to 1.3
2000 Sep 11
7
Philips Components
Product specification
Surface mount ceramic
multilayer capacitors
Class 1, NP0 100 V
Noble Metal Electrode
Thickness classification and packaging quantities
8 mm TAPE WIDTH
AMOUNT PER REEL
12 mm TAPE WIDTH
AMOUNT
PER BULK CASE
AMOUNT PER REEL
180 mm; 7" BLISTER
1812
THICKNESS
CLASSIFICATION
(mm)
180 mm; 7" 330 mm; 13"
PAPER
BLISTER
PAPER
BLISTER
0603
0805
0.6 ±0.1
4000
−
20000
−
−
−
−
−
10000
0.85 ±0.1
0.5 to 1.0
0.8 ±0.07
0.9 to 1.3
1.15 ±0.1
1.25 ±0.1
4000
−
15000
−
8000
−
4000
−
4000
−
−
10000
−
2000
−
−
−
−
15000
15000
3000
3000
3000
−
−
−
10000
10000
10000
1500
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
5000
ORDERING INFORMATION FOR 100 V
Components may be ordered by using either a simple 15-digit clear text code or Philips unique 12NC.
Clear text code
EXAMPLE: 0805CG102G0B200
TEMP.
SIZE CODE
CAPACITANCE
TOL.
VOLTAGE TERMINATION
PACKAGING
MARKING
SERIES
CHAR.
0603
0805
1206
1210
1812
CG = NP0 102 = 1000 pF;
the third digit
signifies the
G = ±2%
J = ±5%
0 = 100 V B = NiSn
2 = 180 mm; 7" paper
3 = 330 mm; 13" paper
B = 180 mm; 7" blister
F = 330 mm; 13" blister
P = bulk case
0 = no marking
0 = conv.
ceramic
2 = 2-character
marking in North
America only
multiplying factor:
0 = × 1
1 = × 10
2 = × 100
3 = × 1000
Ordering code 12NC
2 2 X X X X X X 1 X X X
(1)
Carrier type
Capacitance value
Tolerance
22 blister
38 paper
54 bulk
Rated voltage - Termination
60 100 V; NiSn
4
5
±2% for C ≥ 10 pF
±5% for C ≥ 10 pF
Size
6
0
1
2
4
0603
0805
1206
1210
1812
(2)
Packaging
1
5
4
reel: 180 mm; 7"
reel: 330 mm; 13"
bulk case
CCA623
(1) Refer to chapter “Selection chart for 100 V”.
(2) Amount on reel depends on thickness classification, see section “Thickness classification and packaging quantities”.
2000 Sep 11
8
Philips Components
Product specification
Surface mount ceramic
multilayer capacitors
Class 1, NP0 200 V and 500 V
Noble Metal Electrode
SELECTION CHART FOR 200 V AND 500 V
LAST
200 V
500 V
C
TWO DIGITS
(pF)
0805
1206
1210
1812
1206
1210
1812
OF 12NC
10
12
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
61
62
63
15
18
22
27
33
39
0.6 ±0.1
47
0.6 ±0.1
56
68
0.6 ±0.1
82
100
120
150
180
220
270
330
390
470
560
680
820
1000
1200
1500
1800
2200
2700
3300
3900
4700
5600
6800
8200
10000
0.8 to 1.0
0.85 ±0.1
1.25 ±0.1
0.85 ±0.1
1.15 ±0.1
0.85 ±0.1
1.15 ±0.1
0.9 to 1.3
0.8 to 1.0
0.9 to 1.3
1.2 to 1.75
0.9 to 1.3
0.8 to 1.0
0.9 to 1.3
Values in shaded cells indicate thickness classification.
Thickness classification and packaging quantities
8 mm TAPE WIDTH
12 mm TAPE WIDTH
AMOUNT
PER BULK CASE
AMOUNT PER REEL
180 mm; 7" 330 mm; 13"
PAPER BLISTER
AMOUNT PER REEL
180 mm; 7" BLISTER
1812
THICKNESS
CLASSIFICATION
(mm)
PAPER
BLISTER
0805
0.6 ±0.1
4000
−
20000
−
−
−
10000
0.85 ±0.1
0.8 to 1.0
0.9 to 1.3
1.15 ±0.1
1.25 ±0.1
1.2 to 1.75
4000
−
15000
−
8000
−
−
−
−
−
4000
3000
3000
3000
2500
−
−
−
−
−
10000
10000
10000
10000
7000
2000
1500
−
−
−
−
−
5000
−
1200
2000 Sep 11
9
Philips Components
Product specification
Surface mount ceramic
multilayer capacitors
Class 1, NP0 200 V and 500 V
Noble Metal Electrode
ORDERING INFORMATION FOR 200 V AND 500 V
Components may be ordered by using either a simple 15-digit clear text code or Philips unique 12NC.
Clear text code
EXAMPLE: 1206CG102GBB200
SIZE
CODE
TEMP.
CHAR.
CAPACITANCE
TOL.
VOLTAGE TERMINATION
PACKAGING
MARKING
SERIES
0805
1206
1210
1812
CG = NP0 102 = 1000 pF;
the third digit
signifies the
G = ±2%
J = ±5%
B = 200 V B = NiSn
D = 500 V
2 = 180 mm; 7" paper
3 = 330 mm; 13" paper
B = 180 mm; 7" blister
F = 330 mm; 13" blister
P = bulk case
0 = no marking
0 = conv.
ceramic
2 = 2-character
marking in North
America only
multiplying factor:
0 = × 1
1 = × 10
2 = × 100
3 = × 1000
Ordering code 12NC
2 2 X X X X X X 1 X X X
(1)
Carrier type
Capacitance value
22 blister
38 paper
54 bulk
Tolerance
Rated voltage - Termination
93 200 V; NiSn
97 500 V; NiSn
4
5
±2%
±5%
Size
(2)
Packaging
0
1
2
4
0805
1206
1210
1812
1
5
4
reel: 180 mm; 7"
reel: 330 mm; 13"
bulk case
CCA624
(1) Refer to chapter “Selection chart for 200 V and 500 V”.
(2) Amount on reel depends on thickness classification, see section “Thickness classification and packaging quantities”.
2000 Sep 11
10
Philips Components
Product specification
Surface mount ceramic
multilayer capacitors
Class 1, NP0 50/100/200/500 V
Noble Metal Electrode
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Class 1 capacitors; NP0 dielectric; NiSn terminations
Unless otherwise stated all electrical values apply at an ambient temperature of 20 ±1 °C, an atmospheric pressure of
86 to 106 kPa, and a relative humidity of 63 to 67%.
DESCRIPTION
VALUE
Capacitance range (E12 series); note 1:
50 V
0.47 pF to 47000 pF
10 pF to 22 nF
100 V
200 V
10 pF to 5600 pF
10 pF to 3300 pF
500 V
Tolerance on capacitance after 1000 hours:
C ≥ 10 pF
5 pF ≤ C < 10 pF
C < 5 pF
±5%; ±2%
±0.5 pF, ±0.25 pF
±0.25 pF
Tan δ; note 1:
+ 0.7 × 10–4 or 30 × 10–4 , whichever is smallest
3
C
≤10
C < 10 pF
-----
C ≥ 10 pF
≤10 × 10−4
ins > 100 GΩ
Insulation resistance after 1 minute at UR (DC)
R
Temperature coefficient:
C < 10 pF
(0 ±150) × 10−6/K; note 2
(0 ±30) × 10−6/K; note 2
not applicable
C ≥ 10 pF
Ageing
Notes
1. Measured at 1 V, 1 MHz for C ≤ 1000 pF and 1 V, 1 kHz for C > 1000 pF, using a four-gauge method.
2. For sizes 0402 and 0603 all capacitance values from 0.47 pF to 150 pF have a temperature coefficient of
(0 ±30) × 10−6/K.
2000 Sep 11
11
Philips Components
Product specification
Surface mount ceramic
multilayer capacitors
Class 1, NP0 50/100/200/500 V
Noble Metal Electrode
MEA608
MEA607
10
handbook, halfpage
tan δ
40
4
–
(x 10
)
TC
6
(x10 /K)
7.5
20
0
5
2.5
0
20
40
40
0
40
80
120
T ( C)
– 40
0
40
80
120
o
o
T ( C)
Sample limits (broken lines).
Requirement levels (dotted lines).
Fig.3 Typical temperature coefficient as
a function of temperature.
Fig.4 Typical tan δ as a function of temperature.
MGA457 - 1
MEA614
1
15
handbook, halfpage
∆C
∆C
C
(%)
C
(%)
10
5
0.5
0
0
– 5
−0.5
−1
– 10
– 15
0
10
20
30
40
50
(V)
0
250
500
(V)
V
DC
V
DC
High voltage series.
Fig.5 Typical capacitance change with respect
to the capacitance at 1 V as a function of
DC voltage.
Fig.6 Typical capacitance change with respect
to the capacitance at 1 V as a function of
DC voltage.
2000 Sep 11
12
Philips Components
Product specification
Surface mount ceramic
multilayer capacitors
Class 1, NP0 50/100/200/500 V
Noble Metal Electrode
CCA075
MEA625
3
104
10
IZI
f
Ω
(
)
(MHz)
10 pF
2
10
103
102
100 pF
10
1000 pF
1
10
1
–1
10
–2
10
2
3
102
103
104
1
10
10
10
1
10
C (pF)
f (MHz)
Case size 0603: L = 0.6 nH (dotted line).
Case sizes 0805, 1206 and 1210: L = 1 nH (solid line).
Case sizes 1812 and 2220: L = 1.5 nH (broken line).
Case sizes 0603 to 1210.
Fig.7 Series resonance frequency
as a function of capacitance.
Fig.8 Typical impedance ( Z )
as a function of frequency.
MEA628
MEA629
4
4
10
10
ESR
ESR
Ω
Ω
)
(m
)
(m
500
MHz
500
MHz
3
3
10
10
10
10
200
MHz
200
MHz
100
MHz
100
MHz
50
MHz
50
MHz
2
2
10
10
3
3
2
2
1
10
10
10
1
10
10
10
C (pF)
C (pF)
Case size 1206.
Typical values (solid lines).
Case sizes 0603 and 0805.
Typical values (solid lines).
Maximum values (broken lines).
Measuring equipment HP4191A.
Maximum values (broken lines).
Measuring equipment HP4191A.
For C > 1 nF, maximum value of ESR = 80 mΩ measured at 50 MHz.
Fig.9 Equivalent series resistance (ESR)
as a function of capacitance.
Fig.10 Equivalent series resistance (ESR)
as a function of capacitance.
2000 Sep 11
13
Philips Components
Product specification
Surface mount ceramic
multilayer capacitors
Class 1, NP0 50/100/200/500 V
Noble Metal Electrode
MEA630
MEA631
4
4
10
10
Q
Q
100
MHz
3
3
10
10
10
500
MHz
200
MHz
50
MHz
500
MHz
200
MHz
100
MHz
50
MHz
2
2
10
10
10
3
3
2
2
1
10
10
10
1
10
10
10
C (pF)
C (pF)
Case size 1206.
Typical values (solid lines).
Case sizes 0603 and 0805.
Typical values (solid lines).
Minimum values (broken lines).
Measuring equipment HP4191A.
Minimum values (broken lines).
Measuring equipment HP4191A.
For C > 1 nF, Qmin = 35 measured at 50 MHz.
Fig.11 Quality factor (Q) as a function of
the capacitance.
Fig.12 Quality factor (Q) as a function of
the capacitance.
MGA458
MGA459
500
500
ESR
ESR
(mΩ)
(mΩ)
300
200
300
200
10 pF
10 pF
47 pF
47 pF
100
50
100
100 pF
100 pF
150 pF
50
470 pF
30
20
30
20
10
50
10
50
100
200
300
500
100
200
300
500
f (MHz)
f (MHz)
Case size 0805.
Case size 1206.
High voltage 200 V.
High voltage 200 V.
Fig.13 Typical equivalent series resistance as
a function of frequency.
Fig.14 Typical equivalent series resistance as
a function of frequency.
2000 Sep 11
14
Philips Components
Product specification
Surface mount ceramic
multilayer capacitors
Class 1, NP0 50/100/200/500 V
Noble Metal Electrode
MLB198
500
handbook, halfpage
ESR
(mΩ)
300
200
100
50
10 pF
47 pF
C
ESR
L
100 pF
MEA609
220 pF
30
20
10
50
100
200
300
500
f (MHz)
C = capacitance.
ESR = equivalent series resistance which is determined by the
energy dissipation mechanisms (in the dielectric material as well
as in the electrodes).
Case size 1206.
High voltage 500 V.
L = equivalent series self-inductance.
Fig.15 Typical equivalent series resistance as
a function of frequency.
Fig.16 Equivalent series representation of a CMC.
HIGH FREQUENCY BEHAVIOUR OF CERAMIC
MULTILAYER CAPACITORS
Because of the inductance L, associated with the CMC,
there will be a frequency at which the inductive reactance
will be equal to the reactance of the capacitor.
Ceramic multilayer capacitors (CMC) are suitable for use
at high frequencies. At frequencies below the series
resonance frequency, the CMC can be represented by an
equivalent circuit as shown in Fig.16.
This is known as the series resonance frequency (SRF)
and is given by:
1
SRF =
-------------------
2π LC
In general, the quantities C, ESR and L are frequency
dependent. For most applications, C and L can be
regarded as frequency independent below 1 GHz.
At the SRF, the CMC will appear as a small resistor.
The transmission loss through the CMC at this series
resonance frequency will be low.
The equivalent series self-inductance L is:
• Independent of the dielectric material.
Using the values of C, L = 1 nH and the ESR at a specific
frequency (f), two often used quantities can be derived.
• Dependent on the size of the capacitor, it increases with
increasing length and decreases with increasing width
or thickness of the product.
The impedance (Z) is given by:
1 – (2πf)2LC
Z =
+ ESR
------------------------------------
• The value of L is approximately:
– 0.6 nH for case size 0603
2jπfC
The quality factor (Q) is given by:
– 1 nH for case sizes 0805, 1206 and 1210
– 1.5 nH for case sizes 1812 and 2220.
1 – (2πf)2LC
2πfESRC
Q =
--------------------------------------
These figures are accurate to within 20%.
2000 Sep 11
15
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