MAX16984A [MAXIM]
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter Emulator;
| 型号： | MAX16984A |
| 厂家： | 
MAXIM INTEGRATED PRODUCTS |
| 描述： | Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter Emulator |
| 文件： | 总36页 (文件大小：988K) |
| 中文： | 中文翻译 | 下载： | 下载PDF数据表文档文件 |
EVALUATION KIT AVAILABLE
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MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
General Description
Benefits and Features
The MAX16984A combines a 5V automotive-grade step-
down converter capable of driving up to 3.0A, a USB host
charger adapter emulator, and USB protection switches
for automotive USB host applications. The USB protection
switches provide high-ESD, short-circuit protection and
feature integrated host-charger port-detection circuitry ad-
hering to the USB 2.0 BC 1.2 Battery Charging Specifica-
tion, Samsung® and Chinese Telecommunication Indus-
try Standard YD/T 1591-2009. They also include circuit-
ry for Samsung 2.0A, iPod®/iPhone®/iPad® 2.4A dedicat-
ed charging modes. The HVD+ and HVD- ESD protection
features include protection to ±15kV Air/±8kV Contact on
the HVD+ and HVD- outputs to the IEC 61000-4-2 model
and 330Ω, 330pF ISO model.
● Integrated DC-DC and USB Host Charge Emulator
Enables 1-Chip Solution Directly from Car Battery to
Portable Device
• 4.5V to 28V (40V Load Dump) Operating Voltage
• 5V, 3.0A Output Current Capability
• Low-Q Current Skip and Shutdown Modes
• Soft-Start Reduces Inrush Current
● Low-Noise Features Prevent Interference with AM
Band and Portable Devices
• Fixed-Frequency 310kHz to 2.2MHz Operation
• Forced-PWM Option at No Load
• Spread Spectrum for EMI Reduction
• SYNC Input/Output for Frequency Parking
● Optimal USB Power and Communication for Portable
Devices
The high-efficiency step-down DC-DC converter operates
from a voltage up to 28V and is protected from load
dump transients up to 40V. The device is optimized for
high-frequency operation and includes resistor-program-
mable frequency selection from 310kHz to 2.2MHz to al-
low optimization of efficiency, noise, and board space
based on application requirements. The fully synchronous
DC-DC converter integrates high-side and low-side MOS-
FETs with an external SYNC input/output, and can be con-
figured for spread-spectrum operation. Skip mode is avail-
able in light/no-load conditions to minimize quiescent cur-
rent. The converter can deliver up to 3A of continuous cur-
rent at 105°C. The MAX16984A has an integrated spread-
spectrum oscillator to improve EMI performance.
• User-Adjustable Voltage Gain Adjusts Output
Between 5V and 7V for Cable Compensation
• ±5% Accuracy User-Adjustable USB Current Limit
• 4Ω USB 2.0 1GHz Data Switches
• Integrated Samsung/iPod/iPhone/iPad Charge-
Detection Termination Resistors
• Supports USB BC1.2 Charging Downstream Port
(CDP) and Dedicated Charging Port (DCP) Modes
• Supports Chinese Telecommunication Industry
Standard YD/T 1591-2009
• Compatible with USB On-the-Go Specification
• High-Speed Pass-Through Mode (SDP)
● Robust Design Keeps Vehicle System and Portable
Devices Safe in Automotive Environment
• Short-to-Battery Protection on DC-DC Converter
• Short-to-Battery Protection on USB Pins
• ±15kV Air/±8kV Contact ISO 10605*
The MAX16984A also includes a USB load current-sense
amplifier and configurable feedback adjustment circuit de-
signed to provide automatic USB voltage adjustment to
compensate for voltage drops in captive cables associat-
ed with automotive applications. The MAX16984A limits
the USB load current using both a fixed internal peak cur-
rent threshold of the DC-DC converter and a user-config-
urable external USB load current-sense amplifier thresh-
old.
• ±15kV Air/±8kV Contact IEC 61000-4-2*
• ±15kV Air/±8kV Contact (330Ω, 330pF)*
• Fault-Indication Active-Low, Open-Drain Output
• Reduced Inrush Current with Soft-Start
• Overtemperature Protection
• -40°C to +125°C Operating Temperature Range
• 32-Pin, 5mm x 5mm, TQFN Package
Applications
● Automotive Radio and Navigation
● USB Port for Host and Hub Applications
● Automotive Connectivity
*Tested in Typical Application Circuit as used on the
MAX16984A Evaluation Kit
● Telematics
● Dedicated USB Power Charger
Ordering Information and Typical Application Circuit
appear at end of data sheet.
iPod, iPhone, and iPad are registered trademarks of Apple, Inc. Samsung is a registered trademark of Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
19-100762; Rev 2; 12/20
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
Simplified Block Diagram
RADIO
HEAD
MAX16984A
DC-DC +
USB Type-A
CAPTIVE
CABLE
V
BAT
V
BUS
D-
HVD-
PORTABLE
DEVICE
USB TYPE-A
CONNECTOR
USB
PHY
D+
HVD+
CONFIG
www.maximintegrated.com
Maxim Integrated | 2
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
Absolute Maximum Ratings
SUPSW to PGND................................................... -0.3V to +40V
Output Short-Circuit Duration......................................Continuous
Thermal Characteristics................................................................
HVEN to PGND ..................................... -0.3V to V
LX to PGND (Note 1)............................. -0.3V to V
SYNC to AGND ..........................................-0.3V to V
+ 0.3V
+ 0.3V
+ 0.3V
+ 0.3V
SUPSW
SUPSW
Continuous Power Dissipation (T = +70°C)
A
TQFN Single-Layer Board.........................................................
(derate 21.3mW/°C above +70°C) .........................1702.10mW
TQFN Multilayer Board..............................................................
(derate 34.5mW/°C above +70°C) ...........................2758.6mW
Operating Temperature Range.............................-40ºC to 125ºC
Junction Temperature....................................................... +150ºC
Storage Temperature Range ..............................-40ºC to +150ºC
Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s)..................................... 300ºC
Soldering Temperature (reflow) ........................................+260ºC
BIAS
SENSN, SENSP, VBMON to AGND ..... -0.3V to V
SUPSW
AGND to PGND..................................................... -0.3V to +0.3V
BST to PGND ......................................................... -0.3V to +46V
BST to LX ................................................................. -0.3V to +6V
IN, CONFIG1, ENBUCK, CONFIG2, CONFIG3, BIAS,
DATA_MODE, FAULT, SHIELD, ATTACH to AGND-0.3V to +6V
HVDP, HVDM to AGND.......................................... -0.3V to +18V
DP, DM to AGND............................................-0.3V to V + 0.3V
IN
LX Continuous RMS Current................................................. 3.5A
Note 1: Self-protected from transient voltages exceeding these limits ≤ 50ns in circuit under normal operation.
Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the
device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for
extended periods may affect device reliability.
Package Information
32-Pin TQFN
Package Code
T3255+4C
21-0140
90-0012
Outline Number
Land Pattern Number
THERMAL RESISTANCE, SINGLE-LAYER BOARD
Junction-to-Ambient (θ
)
JA
47ºC/W
Junction-to-Case Thermal Resistance (θ
)
JC
1.70ºC/W
THERMAL RESISTANCE, FOUR-LAYER BOARD
Junction-to-Ambient (θ
)
JA
29ºC/W
Junction-to-Case Thermal Resistance (θ
)
JC
1.70ºC/W
For the latest package outline information and land patterns (footprints), go to www.maximintegrated.com/packages.
Note that a “+”, “#”, or “-” in the package code indicates RoHS status only. Package drawings may show a different
suffix character, but the drawing pertains to the package regardless of RoHS status.
Package thermal resistances were obtained using the method described in JEDEC specification JESD51-7, using a
four-layer board. For detailed information on package thermal considerations, refer to www.maximintegrated.com/
thermal-tutorial.
www.maximintegrated.com
Maxim Integrated | 3
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
Electrical Characteristics
(V
= 14V, V
= V = 3.3V, temperature = T = T = -40°C to +125°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are T =
ENBUCK IN A J A
SUPSW
+25°C under normal conditions.) (Note 3)
PARAMETER SYMBOL
POWER SUPPLY AND ENABLE
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
Supply Voltage Range
V
(Note 2)
t < 1s
4.5
28
40
V
V
SUPSW
Load Dump Event
Supply Voltage Range
V
SUPSW_LD
V
V
= 18V; V
= 0V, Off State
= 0V; V = 0V;
HVEN IN
SUPSW
10
1.8
28
20
μA
CONN
HVEN = 14V; buck switching; no load;
skip mode
Supply Current
I
SUPSW
mA
HVEN = 14V; buck switching; no load;
FPWM mode
BIAS Voltage
V
5.75V ≤ V
≤ 28V
SUPSW
4.5
50
4.7
5.25
3.6
V
BIAS
BIAS Current Limit
150
mA
BIAS Undervoltage
Lockout
V
V
BIAS
rising
3.0
3.3
0.2
V
V
V
V
UV_BIAS
BIAS Undervoltage
Lockout Hysteresis
SUPSW Undervoltage
Lockout
V
rising
3.9
4.42
SUPSW
SUPSW Undervoltage
Lockout Hysteresis
0.2
IN Voltage Range
V
3
3.6
4.3
10
V
V
IN
IN Overvoltage Lockout
IN Input Current
V
V
V
rising
3.8
4
IN_OVLO
IN
I
µA
V
IN
HVEN rising Threshold
HVEN falling Threshold
HVEN Hysteresis
0.6
1.5
0.2
12
2.4
0.4
HVEN_R
V
V
HVEN_F
V
V
HVEN
HVEN Delay Rising
HVEN Delay Falling
HVEN Input Leakage
t
2.5
5
15
25
10
μs
μs
µA
HVEN_R
t
HVEN_F
V
HVEN
= V
= 18V, V
= 0V
HVEN
SUPSW
DP, DM ANALOG USB SWITCHES
On-Channel -3dB
BW
R = R = 50Ω
1000
MHz
V
L
S
Bandwidth
Analog Signal Range
Protection Trip
0
3.6
4.1
V
OV_D
3.65
3.85
2
V
Threshold
Protection Response
Time
V
IN
= 4.0V, V
= 3.3V to 4.3V step,
HVD±
t
µs
Ω
FP_D
R = 15kΩ on D±, delay to V < 3V
L
D±
I = 10mA, V = 0V to V , V = 3.0V
L
D_
IN IN
On-Resistance Switch A
R
4
8
ON_SA
to 3.6V
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Maxim Integrated | 4
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
Electrical Characteristics (continued)
(V
= 14V, V
= V = 3.3V, temperature = T = T = -40°C to +125°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are T =
ENBUCK IN A J A
SUPSW
+25°C under normal conditions.) (Note 3)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
I = 10mA, V = 1.5V or 3.0V
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
On-Resistance Match
between Channels
Switch A
∆R
0.2
Ω
ON_SA
L
D_
On-Resistance Flatness
Switch A
R
I = 10mA,V = 0V or 0.4V
0.01
90
Ω
Ω
FLAT(ON)A
L
D_
On-Resistance of
HVD+/HVD- short
R
V
V
V
V
= 1V, I
= 500μA
180
+7
SHORT
DP
DM
HVD+/HVD- On-
Leakage Current
I
= 3.6V or 0V
-7
-1
µA
µA
µA
HVD_ON
HVD±
HVD+
HVD±
HVD+/HVD- Off-
Leakage Current
I
-= 18V or V
= 18V, V = 0V
150
+1
HVD_OFF
HVD-
D±
D+/D- Off-Leakage
Current
I
= 18V, V = 0V
D±
D_OFF
CURRENT-SENSE AMPLIFIER (SENSP, SENSN) AND ANALOG INPUTS (VBMON)
10mV < V
GAIN[4:0] = 0b11111
- V
< 110mV,
SENSN
SENSP
Gain
19.4
18
V/V
mΩ
Cable Compensation
LSB
R
LSB
CONFIG3 step = 3 or 7, R
CONFIG3 step = 2 or 6, R
CONFIG3 step = 1 or 5, R
CONFIG3 step = 0 or 4, R
= 33mΩ
3.04
2.6
3.14
2.75
1.7
3.30
2.9
SENSE
SENSE
SENSE
SENSE
= 33mΩ
= 33mΩ
= 33mΩ
Overcurrent Threshold
ILIM_SET
A
1.62
0.55
1.78
0.65
0.6
SENSN Discharge
Current
I
11
18
32
mA
SENSN_DIS
Startup Wait Time
t
100
10
ms
ms
BUCK_WAIT
t
Discharge after POR
DIS_POR
SENSN Discharge Time
DATA_MODE toggle (into and out of
DCP mode), ENBUCK toggle
t
2
2
s
s
DIS_CD
DATA_MODE toggle (into and out of
DCP mode), ENBUCK toggle; see reset
criteria
Forced Buck Off-Time
t
BUCKOFF_CD
Attach Comparator Load
Current Rising
Threshold
Common mode input = 5.15V
Common mode input = 5.15V
5
16
28
mA
Attach Comparator
Hysteresis
2.5
4.375
7.46
2
mA
V
SENSN Undervoltage
Threshold (Falling)
V
V
4
7
4.75
7.9
UV_SENSN
SENSN Overvoltage
Threshold (Rising)
V
OV_SENSN
SENSN Short-Circuit
Threshold (Falling)
1.75
2.25
V
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Maxim Integrated | 5
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
Electrical Characteristics (continued)
(V
= 14V, V
= V = 3.3V, temperature = T = T = -40°C to +125°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are T =
ENBUCK IN A J A
SUPSW
+25°C under normal conditions.) (Note 3)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
SENSN Undervoltage
Fault Blanking Time
16
ms
µs
V
SENSN Overvoltage
Fault Blanking Time
From overvoltage condition to FAULT
asserted
t
3
6
B,OV_SENSN
SENSN Discharge
Threshold Falling
V
falling
0.47
0.51
0.57
SENSN
REMOTE FEEDBACK ADJUSTMENT
SHIELD Input Voltage
Range
0.1
0.75
V
Gain
1.935
2
2.065
V/V
mV
Input Referred Offset
Voltage
±2.0
DIGITAL INPUTS (ENBUCK, DATA_MODE)
Input Leakage Current
Logic-High
V
PIN
= 5.5V, 0V
-5
+5
µA
V
V
IH
1.6
Logic-Low
V
IL
0.5
V
USB 2.0 HOST CHARGER EMULATOR (HVD+/HVD-, D+/D-)
Input Logic-High
Input Logic-Low
Data Sink Current
V
2.0
V
V
IH
V
0.8
IL
I
V
= 0.25V to 0.4V
50
100
150
μA
DAT_SINK
DAT_SINK
Data Detect Voltage
High
V
0.4
V
V
DAT_REFH
Data Detect Voltage
Low
V
0.25
0.7
DAT_REFL
Data Detect Voltage
Hysteresis
V
60
mV
V
DAT_HYST
Data Source Voltage
V
I
= 200μA
0.5
DAT_SRC
SRC
SYNCHRONOUS STEP-DOWN DC-DC CONVERTER
PWM Output Voltage
V
7V ≤ V
7V ≤ V
7V ≤ V
≤ 28V, no load
5.15
5.25
V
V
SENSP
SUPSW
SUPSW
SUPSW
Skip Mode Output
Voltage
V
≤ 18V, no load (Note 2)
≤ 18V, for 5V nominal
SENSP_SKIP
Load Regulation
51
mΩ
V
output setting
8V ≤ V
≤ 18V, 2.4A, V
= 79.2mV, GAIN[4:0] = 0b11111
-
SENSP
SUPSW
Output Voltage
Accuracy
V
6.33
1.4
6.68
SENSN
cable compensation.
Spread-Spectrum
Range
SS enabled
±3.4
%
V
SYNC Switching
Threshold High
V
Rising
SYNC_HI
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Maxim Integrated | 6
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
Electrical Characteristics (continued)
(V
= 14V, V
= V = 3.3V, temperature = T = T = -40°C to +125°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are T =
ENBUCK IN A J A
SUPSW
+25°C under normal conditions.) (Note 3)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
SYNC Switching
Threshold Low
V
Falling
0.4
V
SYNC_LO
SYNC Internal Pulldown
200
1
kΩ
SYNC Input Clock
Acquisition Time
t
(Note 3)
Cycles
SYNC
High-Side Switch On-
Resistance
R
I
= 1A
= 1A
54
95
mΩ
ONH
LX
LX
Low-Side Switch On-
Resistance
R
I
72
2.2
5
135
mΩ
mA
A
ONL
BST Input Current
I
V
- V = 5V, high-side on
BST LX
BST
LX Current-Limit
Threshold
Skip Mode Peak Current
Threshold
I
1
A
SKIP_TH
Negative Current Limit
Soft-Start Ramp Time
LX Rise Time
1.2
8
A
t
ms
ns
ns
SS
(Note 3)
(Note 3)
3
LX Fall Time
4
BST Refresh Algorithm
Low-Side Minimum On-
Time
60
ns
FAULT, ATTACH, SYNC OUTPUTS
Output-High Leakage
Current
FAULT, ATTACH, = 5.5V
Sinking 1mA
-10
+10
0.4
µA
V
Output Low Level
SYNC Output High
Level
Sourcing 1mA, SYNC configured as
output
V
BIAS
0.4
-
V
CONFIG RESISTORS CONVERTER
CONFIG1-3 Current
Leakage
V
= 0V to 4V
±5
+4
µA
%
CONFIG
Minimum Window
Amplitude
-4
OSCILLATORS
Internal High-Frequency
HFOSC
7
8
9
MHz
MHz
Oscillator
Buck Oscillator
f
FSW = 2.2MHz
1.95
2.2
2.45
SW
Frequency
THERMAL OVERLOAD
Thermal Shutdown
Temperature
165
10
°C
°C
Thermal Shutdown
Hysteresis
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Maxim Integrated | 7
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
Electrical Characteristics (continued)
(V
= 14V, V
= V = 3.3V, temperature = T = T = -40°C to +125°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are T =
ENBUCK IN A J A
SUPSW
+25°C under normal conditions.) (Note 3)
PARAMETER SYMBOL
ESD PROTECTION (ALL PINS)
ESD Protection Level
ESD PROTECTION (HVDP, HVDM)
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
V
ESD
Human Body Model
±2
kV
ISO 10605 Air-Gap (330pF, 2kΩ)
ISO 10605 Contact (330pF, 2kΩ)
IEC 61000-4-2 Air-Gap (150pF, 330Ω)
IEC 61000-4-2 Contact (150pF, 330Ω)
ISO 10605 Air-Gap (330pF, 330Ω)
ISO 10605 Contact (330pF, 330Ω)
±15
±8
±15
±8
ESD Protection Level
V
ESD
kV
±15
±8
Note 2: Device is designed for use in applications with continuous operation of 14V. Device meets electrical table up to maximum
supply voltage.
Note 3: Specification with minimum and maximum limits are 100% production tested at T = 25ºC and are guaranteed over the
A
operating temperature range by design and characterization. Actual typical values may vary and are not guaranteed.
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Maxim Integrated | 8
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
Typical Operating Characteristics
(T = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
A
toc09
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Maxim Integrated | 9
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
Typical Operating Characteristics (continued)
(T = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
A
toc10
toc12
toc11
toc15
toc13
toc14
toc17
toc16
toc18
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Maxim Integrated | 10
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
Typical Operating Characteristics (continued)
(T = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
A
toc19
toc21
toc20
toc22
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Maxim Integrated | 11
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
Pin Configuration
TOP VIEW
24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
16
HVEN
CONFIG2
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
CONFIG3
FAULT
SYNC
ATTACH
IN
SUPSW
SUPSW
VBMON
SENSP
SENSN
NC
MAX16984A
DM
+
DP
BIAS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TQFN
5mm x 5mm
Pin Description
PIN
NAME
FUNCTION
1–5
AGND
Analog Ground
High-Voltage-Protected USB Differential Data D- Output. Connect HVD- to the downstream USB
connector D- pin.
6
7
HVDM
HVDP
High-Voltage-Protected USB Differential Data D+ Output. Connect HVD+ to the downstream USB
connector D+ pin.
8
9
SHIELD
DP
Remote feedback input, special order only. See Figure 2.
USB Differential Data D+ Input. Connect D+ to the low-voltage USB transceiver D+ pin.
USB Differential Data D- Input. Connect D- to the low-voltage USB transceiver D- pin.
10
DM
Logic Enable Input. Connect to I/O voltage of USB transceiver. IN is also used for clamping during
overvoltage events on HVD+ or HVD-. Connect a 1μF– 10μF ceramic capacitor from IN to GND.
11
12
13
14
IN
Functions as an active-low attach output pin. Connect a 100kΩ pullup resistor to IN. Tie to AGND if
not used.
ATTACH
SYNC
Switching Frequency Input/Output for Synchronization with Other DC-DC Supplies. See
Applications Information section.
Active-Low, Open-Drain Fault Indicator Output. Connect a 100kΩ pullup resistor to the IN pin. Tie
to AGND if not used.
FAULT
15
16
17
18
CONFIG3
CONFIG2
Config3 input. Connect a resistor to GND or directly to BIAS. See Table 4.
Config2 input. Connect a resistor to GND or directly to BIAS. See Table 4.
DATA_MODE Selects Between the Two Default Modes of Data Switch Operation. See Table 2.
ENBUCK DC-DC Enable Input. Drive high/low to enable/disable the buck converter.
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Maxim Integrated | 12
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
Pin Description (continued)
PIN
19
NAME
BST
FUNCTION
High-Side Driver Supply. Connect a 0.1μF capacitor from BST to LX.
20, 21
22, 23
24
LX
Inductor Connection. Connect an inductor from LX to the DC-DC converter output (SENSP).
Power Ground.
PGND
CONFIG1
HVEN
Config1 input. Connect a resistor to GND or directly to BIAS. See Table 3.
Active-High System Enable. HVEN is battery-voltage tolerant.
25
Internal High-Side Switch Supply Input. V
provides power to the internal switch and LDO.
SUPSW
26, 27
28
SUPSW
VBMON
SENSP
Connect a 10μF ceramic capacitor in parallel with a 47μF electrolytic capacitor from SUPSW to
PGND. See the DC-DC Switching Frequency Selection section.
USB V
Monitor
BUS
DC-DC Converter Feedback Input and Current-Sense Amplifier Positive Input. DC-DC bulk
capacitance placed here. Connect to positive terminal of current-sense resistor and the main
output of the converter. Used for internal voltage regulation loop.
29
30
31
SENSN
N.C.
Current-Sense Amp Negative Input. Connect to negative terminal of current sense resistor.
No connection.
5V Linear Regulator Output. Connect a 2.2μF ceramic capacitor from BIAS to GND. BIAS powers
the internal circuitry.
32
—
BIAS
EP
Exposed Pad. Connect EP to multiple GND planes with 3 x 3 via grid (minimum).
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Maxim Integrated | 13
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
Functional Diagrams
On-Channel -3dB Bandwidth and Crosstalk
V
OUT
ON-LOSS = 20log
+3.3V
V
NETWORK ANALYZER
50Ω 50Ω
IN
IN
V
OUT
CROSSTALK = 20log
V
D+ (D-)
IN
V
IN
+14V
MAX16984A
HVEN
HVD+
D+
SUPSW
ON-LOSS = 20log
1
+3.3V
ENBUCK
MEAS
REF
HVD-
D-
V
HVD+ (HVD-)
OUT
ON-LOSS = 20log
2
HVD+
D-
50Ω
50Ω
CROSSTALK = 20log
1
GND
HVD-
D+
CROSSTALK = 20log
2
ON-LOSS IS MEASURED BETWEEN D+ AND HVD+, OR D- AND HVD-.
CROSSTALK IS MEASURED FROM ONE CHANNEL TO THE OTHER CHANNEL.
SIGNAL DIRECTION THROUGH SWITCH IS REVERSED; WORST VALUES ARE RECORDED.
DCP Reset Behavior and Timing Diagram
1
SPECIFICATION MANDATED
2s V RESET
DATA_MODE
PIN (ATJA)
BUS
0
V
BUS
DCP
CDP
DATA SWITCH MODE
t
BUCKOFF_CD
t
BUCKOFF_CD
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Maxim Integrated | 14
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
Functional Diagrams (continued)
ENBUCK Reset Behavior and Timing Diagram
HVEN
ENBUCK TOGGLE
ENBUCK TOGGLE
> 2s
< 2s
ENBUCK
ON
USB SIGNAL
CHAIN ACTIVE
OFF
ON
SENSN
DISCHARGE
t
t
DIS_CD
DIS_CD
OFF
ON
BUCK
CONTROL
OFF
t
DIS_POR
t
BUCKOFF_CD
t
BUCK_WAIT
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Maxim Integrated | 15
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
Detailed Description
The MAX16984A combines a 5V/3A automotive grade step-down converter, a USB host charger adapter emulator, and
USB protection switches. It is designed for high-power USB ports in automotive radio, navigation, connectivity, and USB
hub applications.
The USB protection switches provide high-ESD and short- circuit protection for the low-voltage internal data lines of the
multimedia processor’s USB transceiver and support USB Hi-Speed (480Mbps) and USB Full-Speed (12Mbps) pass-
through operation. The MAX16984A features integrated host-charger port-detection circuitry adhering to the USB 2.0
Battery Charging Specification BC1.2 and also includes dedicated bias resistors for Samsung 2.0A/iPod/iPhone/iPad
2.4A dedicated charging modes.
The high-efficiency step-down DC-DC converter operates from a voltage up to 28V and is protected from load-dump
transients up to 40V. The device includes resistor-programmable frequency selection from 310kHz to 2.2MHz to allow
optimization of efficiency, noise, and board space based on the application requirements. The converter can deliver up
to 3A of continuous current at 105°C.
The MAX16984A also includes a high-side current-sense amplifier and configurable feedback-adjustment circuit
designed to provide automatic USB voltage adjustment to compensate for voltage drops in captive cables associated
with automotive applications.
Detailed Block Diagram
IN
MAX16984A
DM
DP
HVDM
HVDP
BC1.2 (SDP, CDP, DCP),
APPLE, AND SAMSUNG
CHARGING PORT EMULATION
VBMON
SENSN MON
OV
SENSN
SENSP
CONFIG1
CONFIG2
CONFIG3
DATA_MODE
FAULT
CURRENT SENSE AMP
7.46V
2V
SHORT
BIAS
LDO
BIAS
I/O CONTROL
AND
DIAGNOSTICS
UV
FEEDBACK
ADJUSTMENT
4.37V
0.51V
BST
REMOTE
CABLE
SENSE
ATTACH
ENBUCK
HVEN
DISCH
SUPSW
HS_CS
USB
OVERCURRENT
THRESHOLD
TEMP
MONITOR
3.5A FPWM
BUCK
CONVERTER
LX
SHIELD
SYNC
OSC
LS_CS
PGND
AGND
Figure 1. Detailed Block Diagram
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Maxim Integrated | 16
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
Power-Up and Enabling
System Enable (HVEN)
HVEN is used as the main enable to the device and initiates system start-up and configuration. If HVEN is at a logic-low
level, SUPSW power consumption is reduced and the device enters a standby, low quiescent current level. HVEN is
compatible with inputs from 3.3V logic up to automotive battery.
DC-DC Enable (ENBUCK)
The buck regulator on the MAX16984A is controlled by the ENBUCK pin. The DC-DC converter is activated by driving
ENBUCK high, and disabled by driving ENBUCK low. For a typical USB hub application, connect ENBUCK to the enable
output of the USB hub controller. This allows the USB hub controller to enable and disable the USB power port using
software commands. ENBUCK can be directly connected to the BIAS or IN pin for applications that do not require GPIO
control of the DC-DC converter enable.
3.3V Input (IN)
IN is used to clamp the D+ and D- pins during an ESD or overvoltage event on the HVD+ and HVD- pins. This clamping
protects the downstream USB transceiver. The presence of these clamping diodes requires that IN remain set to 3.3V at
all times for USB communication to occur. The IN pin features an overvoltage lockout that disables the data switches if
IN is above V
. Bypass IN with a 1µF ceramic capacitor, place it close to the IN pin, and connect it to the same
IN_OVLO
3.3V supply that is shared with the multimedia processor or hub transceiver.
Linear Regulator Output (BIAS)
BIAS is the output of a 5V linear regulator that powers the internal logic and control circuitry for the device. BIAS is
internally powered from SUPSW or SENSP and automatically powers up when HVEN is high and SUPSW voltage
exceeds V
. The BIAS output contains an undervoltage lockout that keeps the internal circuitry disabled when
UV_SUPSW
BIAS is below V
. The linear regulator automatically powers down when HVEN is low, and a low shutdown current
UV_BIAS
mode is entered. Bypass BIAS to GND with a 2.2μF ceramic capacitor.
Power-On Sequencing
HVEN, ENBUCK, and IN do not have a power-up sequence requirement by design. However, the desired system
behavior should be considered for the state of these pins at startup. The D+ and D- pins are clamped to IN, therefore IN
should be set to 3.3V before any USB communication is required. It is recommended that IN is set to 3.3V before HVEN
is set high. ENBUCK acts as the master disable for the DC-DC converter. If ENBUCK is low when HVEN is set high, all
variants keep the buck converter in the disabled state until ENBUCK is set high.
Step-Down DC-DC Regulator
Step-Down Regulator
The MAX16984A features a current-mode, step-down converter with integrated high-side and low-side MOSFETs. The
low-side MOSFET enables fixed-frequency, forced-PWM operation under light loads. The DC-DC regulator features a
cycle-by-cycle current limit and intelligent transition from skip mode to forced-PWM mode that makes the device ideal for
automotive applications.
Wide Input Voltage Range
The device is specified for a wide 4.5V to 28V input voltage range. SUPSW provides power to the internal BIAS linear
regulator and internal power switch. Certain conditions such as cold cranking can cause the voltage at the output to drop
below the programmed output voltage. Under such conditions, the device operates in a high duty-cycle mode to facilitate
minimum dropout from input to output.
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Maxim Integrated | 17
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
Maximum Duty-Cycle Operation
The MAX16984A has a maximum duty cycle of 98% (typ). The IC monitors the off-time (time for which the low-side FET
is on) in both PWM and skip modes for every switching cycle. Once the off-time of 150ns (typ) is detected continuously
for 7.5μs, the low-side FET is forced on for 60ns (typ) every 7.5μs. The input voltage at which the device enters dropout
changes depending on the input voltage, output voltage, switching frequency, load current, and design efficiency. The
input voltage at which the devices enter dropout can be approximated as:
V
+ I
× R
ONH
(
)
OUT
LOAD
V
=
SUPSW
0.98
Note: The equation above does not take into account the efficiency and switching frequency but will provide a good first-
order approximation. Use the R
number from the maximum column in the Electrical Characteristics table.
ONH
Output Voltage (SENSP)
The device features a precision internal feedback network that is connected to SENSP and that is used to set the output
voltage of the DC-DC converter. The network nominally sets the average DC-DC converter output voltage to 5.15V in
forced-PWM and 5.25V in skip mode.
Soft-Start
When the DC-DC converter is enabled, the regulator soft-starts by gradually ramping up the output voltage from 0V to
5.15V over approximately 8ms. This soft-start feature reduces inrush current during startup. Soft-start is guaranteed into
compliant USB loads (see the USB Loads section).
Reset Behavior
The MAX16984A implements a discharge function on SENSN any time that the DC-DC regulator is disabled for any
reason. When the discharge function is activated, current (I
) is drained through a current-limited FET, and a
SENSN_DIS
reset timer is also started. This timer prevents the DC-DC regulator from starting up again until the timer has expired.
This allows for easy compatibility with USB specifications and removes the need for long discharge algorithms to be
implemented in system software. See the relevant Functional Diagrams for reset timer details.
Reset Criteria
The MAX16984A DC-DC converter automatically resets for all undervoltage, overvoltage, overcurrent and
overtemperature fault conditions. See Table 5 for details. This 2s timer is activated after a fault condition is removed
and prevents the buck converter from switching on until the timer expires. Another internal retry timer is enabled after
ENBUCK is set low, or a transition of the DATA_MODE pin (switching between a data mode and a dedicated charging
mode). These conditions start an internal 2s timer that prevents the buck from switching on until the timer expires.
Switching Frequency Configuration
The DC-DC switching frequency can be referenced to an internal oscillator or from an external clock signal on the SYNC
pin. The internal oscillator frequency is set from the CONFIG1 pin at startup. The internal oscillator can be programmed
to four discrete values from 310kHz to 2.2MHz.
Switching Frequency Synchronization (SYNC Pin)
When the SYNC pin is configured to operate as an output, skip mode operation is disallowed, and the internal oscillator
frequency is driven by the SYNC pin. This allows other devices to synchronize with the MAX16984A 180 degrees out of
phase for EMI reduction.
When SYNC is configured as an input, the SYNC pin becomes a logic-level input that can be used for both operating-
mode selection and frequency control. Connecting SYNC to GND or an external clock enables fixed-frequency, forced-
PWM mode. Connecting SYNC to a logic-high signal allows intelligent skip-mode operation. The device can be externally
synchronized to frequencies within ±20% of the programmed internal oscillator frequency.
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Maxim Integrated | 18
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
Forced-PWM Operation
In forced-PWM mode, the device maintains fixed-frequency PWM operation over all load conditions, including no-load
conditions.
Intelligent Skip-Mode Operation and Attach Detection
When the SYNC pin is configured as an input, but neither a clocked signal nor a logic-low level exists on the SYNC
pin, the MAX16984A operates in skip mode at very light load/no load conditions. Intelligent device attach detection is
used to determine when a device is attached to the USB port. The device intelligently exits skip mode and enters forced-
PWM mode when a device is attached and remains in forced-PWM mode as long as the attach signal persists. This
minimizes the EMI concerns caused by automotive captive USB cables and poorly shielded consumer USB cables. The
device attach event is also signaled by the ATTACH pin. The criteria for device attach detection and intelligent skip-mode
operation are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. DC-DC Converter Intelligent Skip Mode Truth Table
DATA SWITCH
CHARGE DETECTION
MODE
DC-DC
CONVERTER
OPERATION
SYNC
PIN
CDP ATTACH DCP ATTACH
CURRENT SENSE
ATTACH DETECTION
SYNC_DIR
DETECTION
DETECTION
Forced-PWM
Mode:
Continuous
x
0
OUT
IN
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Forced-PWM
Mode:
Continuous
x
x
x
x
Forced-PWM
Mode:
Clocked
IN
Continuous
Intelligent Skip
Mode:
No Device
Attached
High-Speed Pass
Through (SDP) Mode
1
1
1
IN
IN
IN
x
x
0
x
x
x
0
1
0
Forced-PWM
Mode:
Device Attached
High-Speed Pass
Through (SDP) Mode
Intelligent Skip
Mode:
No Device
Attached
BC1.2 Auto CDP Mode
Forced-PWM
Mode:
Device Attached
1
1
IN
IN
BC1.2 Auto CDP Mode
BC1.2 Auto CDP Mode
1
x
x
x
x
Forced-PWM
Mode:
1
Device Attached
Intelligent Skip
Mode:
No Device
Attached
1
1
IN
IN
2.4A Auto DCP Mode
2.4A Auto DCP Mode
x
x
0
1
0
x
Forced-PWM
Mode:
Device Attached
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Maxim Integrated | 19
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
Table 1. DC-DC Converter Intelligent Skip Mode Truth Table (continued)
DATA SWITCH
CHARGE DETECTION
MODE
DC-DC
CONVERTER
OPERATION
SYNC
PIN
CDP ATTACH DCP ATTACH
CURRENT SENSE
ATTACH DETECTION
SYNC_DIR
DETECTION
DETECTION
Forced-PWM
Mode:
1
IN
2.4A Auto DCP Mode
x
x
1
Device Attached
Spread-Spectrum Option
Spread-spectrum operation is offered to improve the EMI performance of the MAX16984A. Spread-spectrum operation is
preloaded on startup from the CONFIG1 pin. The internal operating frequency modulates the switching frequency by up
to ±3.4% relative to the internally generated operating frequency. This results in a total spread-spectrum range of 6.8%.
Spread-spectrum mode is only active when operating from the internal oscillator. Spread-spectrum clock dithering is not
possible when operating from an external clock.
Current Limit
The MAX16984A limits the USB load current using both a fixed internal peak current threshold of the DC-DC converter,
as well as a user-programmable external DC load current-sense amplifier threshold. This allows the current limit to be
adjusted between 500mA to 3A depending on the application requirements, while protecting the system in the event of a
fault. Upon exceeding either the DC-DC peak or user-programmable current thresholds, the high-side FET is immediately
switched off and current-limit algorithms are initiated. When the external current limit lasts for longer than 16ms, the
FAULT pin asserts. Once the load current exceeds the programmed threshold, the DC-DC converter acts as a constant-
current source. This may cause the output voltage to droop. If the USB current limit is detected for 16ms, and the output
voltage falls below the reset threshold, the DC-DC converter resets. The DC-DC converter also resets if the internal LX
peak current threshold is exceeded for four consecutive switching cycles, and the output voltage droops to less than
2.0V.
In some cases, the designer may want to increase the load to 160%, refer to USB Output Current Limit for details.
Output Short-Circuit Protection
The DC-DC converter output (SENSP, SENSN) is protected against both short-to-ground and short-to-battery conditions.
If a short-to-ground or undervoltage condition is encountered, the DC-DC converter immediately resets, asserts the
FAULT pin, and then reattempts soft-start after the 2s reset delay. This pattern repeats until the short circuit has been
removed.
If a short-to-battery is encountered (V
> V
), the buck converter shuts down and the FAULT pin is
OV_SENSN
SENSN
asserted. The buck converter stays shut down until the fault condition resolves and the 2s timer expires.
Thermal Overload Protection
Thermal-overload protection limits the total power dissipated by the device. A thermal protection circuit monitors the die
temperature. If the die temperature exceeds +165°C, the device shuts down, so it can cool. Once the device has cooled
by 10°C, the device is enabled again. This results in a pulsed output during continuous thermal-overload conditions,
protecting the device during fault conditions. For continuous operation, do not exceed the absolute maximum junction
temperature of +150°C. See the Thermal Considerations section for more information.
USB Current Limit and Output Voltage Adjustment
Current-Sense Amplifier (SENSP, SENSN)
MAX16984A features an internal USB load current-sense amplifier to monitor the DC load current delivered to the USB
port. The V
voltage (V
- V
) is used internally to provide precision DC current-limit and voltage-
SENSE
SENSP
SENSN
compensation functionality. A 33mΩ sense resistor should be placed between SENSP and SENSN.
www.maximintegrated.com
Maxim Integrated | 20
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
In some cases, the designer may want to increase the load to 160%, refer to USB Output Current Limit for details.
USB DC Current Limit Configuration
The MAX16984A allows configuration of the precision DC current limit by four available current limit options by reading
the CONFIG3 resistor. See Table 4 and the Applications Information section for more information.
In some cases, the designer may want to increase the load to 160%, refer to USB Output Current Limit for details.
Voltage Feedback Adjustment Configuration
The MAX16984A compensates voltage drop for up to 474mΩ of USB cable in typical USB charging applications. The
device allows configuration by the CONFIG2 resistor, which sets GAIN[3:0], and the CONFIG3 resistor, which sets
GAIN[4]. See the Applications Information section for more information.
In some cases, the designer may want to increase the load to 160%, refer to USB Output Current Limit for details.
Remote-Sense Feedback Adjustment
The remote-sense feature (available by custom order only) provides another option to adjust the output voltage by
sensing the ground node on the USB port at the far-end of the captive cable; either with the cable shield or with an
additional sensing wire. This feature automatically senses the cable resistance and adjusts the voltage compensation
without changing the GAIN[4:0] setting.
The user needs to compensate the voltage drop because of the sense resistor, the load line behavior of the buck, and
any difference between the V
order.
and GND conductors. See Figure 2 and contact the factory for support and how to
BUS
Figure 2. Remote Cable-Sense Diagram
USB Protection Switches and BC1.2 Host Charger Emulation
USB Protection Switches
MAX16984A provides automotive-grade ESD and shortcircuit protection for the low-voltage USB data lines of high-
integration multimedia processors. HVDP/HVDM protection consists of ESD and OVP (overvoltage protection) for
1.5Mbps, 12Mbps, and 480Mbps USB transceiver applications. This is accomplished with a very low-capacitance FET in
series with the D+ and D- data paths.
The MAX16984A high-voltage variant does not require an external ESD array, and protects the HVD+ and HVD pins
to ±15kV Air-Gap/±8kV Contact Discharge with the 150pF/330Ω IEC 61000-4-2 model and the 330pF/330Ω model, as
well as protecting up to ±15kV Air-Gap/±8kV Contact Discharge with the 330pF/2kΩ ISO 10605 model. The MAX16984A
provides robust, automotive-grade protection while maintaining a 1GHz -3dB insertion loss. This ensures optimum eye
diagram at the end of a captive cable. The HVD+ and HVD- short-circuit protection features include protection for a short
to the USB +5V BUS and a short to the +18V car battery. These protection features prevent damage to the low-voltage
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Maxim Integrated | 21
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
USB transceiver when shorts occur in the vehicle harness or customer USB connector/cable. Short-to-GND protection is
provided by the upstream USB transceiver.
USB Host Charger Emulator
The USB protection switches integrate the latest USB-IF Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.2 SDP, CDP and
DCP circuitry, as well as 2.4A resistor bias for Apple-compliant devices. Legacy Samsung Galaxy 1.2V divider and China
YD/T1591-2009 compatibility is also provided in DCP mode.
Table 2. Data Switch Mode Truth Table
DEVICE INPUTS
DEVICE SUFFIX
SA
SB
DATA SWITCH MODE
HVEN
IN
X
DATA_MODE
X
0
1
X
X
0
0
Off
ATJA
0
Invalid Mode (IN = 3.3V required for data mode)
On if
CDP = 0
On if
ATJA
1
1
0
BC1.2 Auto-CDP (CDP)
CDP = 1
ATJA
ATJB
ATJB
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
X
0
0
1
1
Auto-DCP/Apple 2.4A (DCP)
Invalid mode (IN = 3.3V required for data mode)
0
Hi-Speed Pass-Through (SDP)
BC1.2 Auto-CDP (CDP)
On if
CDP = 0
On if
CDP = 1
ATJB
1
1
1
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Maxim Integrated | 22
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
IN
SA
SA
SB
DP
HVDP
ESD
Protection
DM
HVDM
ESD
Protection
USB 2.0
HOST CHARGER
EMULATION
Device Disconnect
for 500ms
iPhone/iPad
and DCP/SSG
AUTO CHARGER
DETECTION
R
S
Q
CDP
LS/FS Detection
on HVDP/HVDM
SB
ATTACH
DATA_MODE
HVEN
FAULT/ERROR
CONTROL
LOGIC
HVDP/HVDM OV
IN OV
SA
SB
CDP
MAX16984A
Figure 3. Data Switch and Charge-Detection Block Diagram
USB On-The-Go and Dual-Role Applications
The MAX16984A is fully compatible with USB on-the-go (OTG) and dual-role applications. A negotiated role swap (HNP
or Apple CarPlay) requires no software interaction with the IC. When there is no negotiation before the SoC enters
peripheral mode, the MAX16984A must be in Hi-Speed pass-through (SDP mode) before and during the role swap. The
MAX16984AATJB/V+ defaults to SDP mode on startup if the DATA_MODE pin is logic-low. This configuration allows a
role swap immediately on startup without microcontroller interaction.
Configuration (CONFIG1–CONFIG3)
The MAX16984A allows full device configuration from three resistors placed among the three CONFIG pins and GND.
CONFIG1 sets the internal oscillator switching frequency, the SYNC pin direction, and enables the DC-DC spread-
spectrum mode. CONFIG2 sets the 4 LSBs of the voltage adjustment gain (GAIN[3:0]). CONFIG3 sets the USB DC
current limit, and sets the MSB of voltage adjustment gain (GAIN[4]). See Table 3 and Table 4 CONFIG options. See the
Applications Information section for setting selection and Ordering Information for variant part number information.
In some cases, the designer may want to increase the load to 160%, refer to USB Output Current Limit for details.
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Maxim Integrated | 23
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
Table 3. CONFIG1 Pin Table
RESISTANCE (typ, Ω)
STEP
0
SS_EN
ON
SYNC_DIR
IN
FSW (kHz)
2200
488
Short to GND
619
1
ON
IN
976
2
ON
IN
350
1370
3
ON
IN
310
1820
4
ON
OUT
OUT
OUT
OUT
IN
2200
488
2370
5
ON
3090
6
ON
350
3920
7
ON
310
4990
8
OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
2200
488
6340
9
IN
8250
10
11
12
13
14
15
IN
350
11000
IN
310
15400
23700
OUT
OUT
OUT
OUT
2200
488
44200
350
Short to BIAS (or R > 71.5kΩ)
310
Table 4. CONFIG2 and CONFIG3 Pin Table
CONFIG2
CONFIG3
RESISTANCE
STEP
CURRENT LIMIT
(A, min)
GAIN[3:0]
GAIN[4]
(typ, Ω)
Short to GND
0
1
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
0
0
0.55
1.62
2.60
3.04
0.55
1.62
2.60
3.04
X
619
976
2
0
1370
3
0
1820
4
1
2370
5
1
3090
6
1
3920
7
1
4990
8
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
6340
9
X
8250
10
11
12
13
14
15
X
11000
X
15400
23700
X
X
44200
X
Short to BIAS (or R > 71.5kΩ)
X
Attach Output (ATTACH)
The MAX16984A ATTACH pin functions as an open-drain, active-low attach detection output. The ATTACH pin can be
used for GPIO input to a microprocessor, or to drive an LED for attach/charge indication.
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Maxim Integrated | 24
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
Fault Detection and Diagnostics
Fault Detection
The MAX16984A features advanced device protection features with automatic fault handing and recovery. Table 5
summarizes the conditions that generate a fault, and the actions taken by the device. For all variants, the FAULT output
remains asserted as long as a fault condition persists.
Table 5. Fault Conditions
DEBOUNCE
EVENT
PRIOR
ACTION TAKEN
TO ACTION
Thermal
Shutdown
Assert FAULT pin, shut down DC-DC converter, open data switches. When fault resolves and 2s
timer expires, release FAULT pin, close data switches and enable DC-DC converter.
Immediate
Immediate
Assert FAULT pin, shut down DC-DC converter, open data switches, and reset BC1.2. When
fault resolves and 2s timer expires, release FAULT pin, close data switches and enable DC-DC
converter.
IN Overvoltage
Assert FAULT pin, shut down DC-DC converter, open data switches, and reset BC1.2. When
fault resolves and 2s timer expires, release FAULT pin, close data switches, enable DC-DC
converter.
HVDP/HVDM
Overvoltage
Immediate
16ms
USB DC
Overcurrent
Assert FAULT pin after overcurrent condition persists for 16ms. When fault resolves, release
FAULT pin after 2s timer.
USB DC
Overcurrent and
SENSN < 4.38V
Assert FAULT pin and shut down DC-DC converter after overcurrent and undervoltage condition
persists for 16ms. Release FAULT pin, enable DC-DC converter once 2s timer expires after
shutdown.
16ms
Assert FAULT pin after undervoltage condition persists for 16ms. When fault resolves, release
FAULT pin after 2s timer.
SENSN < 4.38V
16ms
USB DC
Overcurrent and
SENSN < 2V
Assert FAULT pin, shut down DC-DC converter and open data switches. Release FAULT pin,
close data switches and enable DC-DC converter once 2s timer expires after shutdown.
Immediate
LX Overcurrent
for Four
Consecutive
Cycles and
SENSN < 2V
Assert FAULT pin, shut down DC-DC converter, and open data switches. Release FAULT pin,
close data switches and enable DC-DC converter once 2s timer expires after shutdown.
Immediate
Immediate
SENSN
Overvoltage
Assert FAULT pin, shut down DC-DC converter, open data switches. When fault resolves and 2s
timer expires, release FAULT pin, close data switches and enable DC-DC converter.
Fault Output Pin (FAULT)
The MAX16984A features an open-drain, active-low FAULT output. The MAX16984A is designed to eliminate false
FAULT reporting by using an internal deglitch and fault blanking timer. This ensures FAULT is not incorrectly asserted
during normal operation such as starting into high-capacitance loads. The FAULT pin can be tied directly to the over-
current fault input of a hub controller or SoC.
www.maximintegrated.com
Maxim Integrated | 25
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
Applications Information
Migrating from MAX16984 to MAX16984A
The MAX16984A offers several improvements compared to the original MAX16984, such as higher USB protection
switch bandwidth and greater output current capability. There are, however, some notable differences between the
devices that prevent drop-in replacement. In Table 6 below, the differing pins and associated functions are summarized
as a guide for migrating to the MAX16984A.
Table 6. Feature and Function Differences Between MAX16984 and MAX16984A.
MAX16984
PIN OR
FUNCTION DESCRIPTION
MAX16984A EQUIVALENT
FUNCTION
Synchronization input or sets FPWM/
SYNC pin skip-mode using internal clock
source.
SYNC pin with same behavior as MAX16984 when configured as input.
SYNC direction is configured via CONFIG1 resistor.
Resistor-programmable switching
frequency input.
FOSC pin
Switching frequency is configured via CONFIG1 resistor.
CD0, CD1 Charger detection configuration
Use of device suffix (ATJA or ATJB) combined with DATA_MODE pin
enables support for HS pass-through/Auto-CDP/Auto-DCP modes.
pins
(HS pass-through/CDP/Auto-DCP)
FBPER,
FBMAX,
Feedback voltage percentage,
feedback voltage compensation ratio
Voltage compensation feedback is fully integrated, external components no
longer needed. Voltage compensation, measured in mΩ of cable resistance
FBCAP
pins
and feedback compensation capacitor between MAX16984A and the load, is configured with the Gain setting via
connections.
CONFIG2/CONFIG3 resistors.
Resistor-programmable DC current-
limit.
SENSO pin
SUP pin
DC current-limit configured via CONFIG3 and R
resistors.
SENSE
No equivalent. Bias regulator for MAX16984A is supplied directly from main
input (SUPSW).
Bias regulator supply input.
ENBUCK
pin
Active-high system enable, battery-
voltage tolerant.
HVEN pin with same behavior as MAX16984.
Internally generated switching
frequency is modulated ±3.25% with
MAX16984S device suffix.
Spread-
spectrum
Spread-spectrum is configured via CONFIG1 resistor.
Requires active management by the
USB host to toggle CD0 after a USB
handshake device begins enumeration or enters
High-Speed mode.
MAX16984A implements Auto-CDP, which automatically transitions to HS
pass-through mode when the device may attempt USB enumeration. No
active management is necessary by the host with Auto-CDP.
CDP
Auto-DCP includes USB BC1.2 DCP,
Apple (1A or 2.1A) and China YD/T
1591-2009.
Auto-DCP
handshake
MAX16984A Auto-DCP adds Samsung 1.2V divider network support and
replaces Apple 2.1A with Apple 2.4A divider networks.
DC-DC Switching Frequency Selection
The switching frequency (f ) for the MAX16984A is programmable through the CONFIG1 resistor.
SW
Higher switching frequencies allow for smaller PCB area designs with lower inductor values and less output capacitance.
2
Consequently, peak currents and I R losses are lower at higher switching frequencies, but core losses, gate charge
currents, and switching losses increase.
To avoid AM band interference, operation between 500kHz and 1.8MHz is not recommended.
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Maxim Integrated | 26
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
DC-DC Input Capacitor Selection
The input capacitor supplies the instantaneous current needs of the buck converter and reduces the peak currents drawn
from the upstream power source. The input bypass capacitor is a determining factor in the input voltage ripple.
The input capacitor RMS current rating requirement (I
) is defined by the following equation:
IN(RMS)
V
× V
− V
(
)
SENSP
SUPSW
SENSP
√
I
= I
LOAD
IN RMS
(
)
V
SUPSW
I
I
has a maximum value when the input voltage equals twice the output voltage (V
= 2 · V
), so
IN(RMS)
SUPSW
SENSP
1
=
· I
. I
is the measured operating load current, while I
refers to the maximum load
LOAD(MAX)
IN(MAX)
LOAD(MAX) LOAD
2
current.
Choose an input capacitor that exhibits less than 10ºC self-heating temperature rise at the RMS input current for optimal
long-term reliability.
The input voltage ripple is composed of V (caused by the capacitor discharge) and V
(caused by the ESR of the
ESR
Q
capacitor). Use low-ESR ceramic capacitors with high ripple current capability at the input. Assume the contribution from
the ESR and capacitor discharge is equal to 50%. Calculate the input capacitance and ESR required for a specified input
voltage ripple using the following equations:
ΔV
ESR
ESR
=
IN
ΔI
L
I
+
LOAD MAX
(
)
2
where:
V
− V
× V
(
)
SUPSW
V
SENSP
SENSP
× L
ΔI =
L
× f
SUPSW SW
and:
I
× D 1 − D
V
V
(
)
LOAD MAX
(
)
SENSP
C
=
where D =
IN
ΔV × f
Q
SW
SUPSW
Where D is the buck converter duty cycle.
Bypass SUPSW with 0.1μF parallel to 10μF of ceramic capacitance close to the SUPSW and PGND pins. The ceramic
di
dt
input capacitor of a buck converter has a high , minimize the PCB current-loop area to reduce EMI. Bypass SUPSW
with 47μF of bulk electrolytic capacitance to dampen line transients.
DC-DC Output Capacitor Selection
To ensure stability and compliance with USB and Apple specifications, follow the recommended output filters listed in
Table 7. For proper functionality, a minimum amount of ceramic capacitance must be used, regardless of f . Additional
SW
capacitance for lower switching frequencies can be low-ESR electrolytic types (< 0.25Ω).
DC-DC Output Inductor Selection
Three key inductor parameters must be considered when selecting an inductor: inductance value (L), inductor saturation
current (I
), and DC resistance (R
). To select the proper inductance value, the ratio of inductor peak-to-peak AC
SAT
DCR
current to DC average current (LIR) must be selected. A small LIR will reduce the RMS current in the output capacitor
and results in small output ripple voltage, but this requires a larger inductor. A good compromise between size and loss
is LIR = 0.35 (35%). Determine the inductor value using the equation below,
V
× V
− V
(
)
SENSP
SUPSW
SENSP
L =
V
× f
× I
× LIR
SUPSW SW
LOAD MAX
(
)
www.maximintegrated.com
Maxim Integrated | 27
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
where V
and V
are typical values (such that efficiency is optimum for nominal operating conditions). Ensure
SENSP
SUPSW
the inductor I
is above the buck converter's cycle-by-cycle peak current limit.
SAT
Layout Considerations
Proper PCB layout is critical for robust system performance. See the MAX16984A EV kit data sheet for a recommended
layout. Minimize the current-loop area and the parasitics of the DC-DC conversion circuitry to reduce EMI. The input
di
dt
capacitor placement should be prioritized because in a buck converter the ceramic input capacitor has high
.
Place the input capacitor, power inductor, and output capacitor as close as possible to the IC SUPSW and PGND pins.
Shorter traces should be prioritized over wider traces.
A low-impedance ground connection between the input and output capacitor is required (route through the ground pour
on the exposed pad). Connect the exposed pad to ground. Place multiple vias in the pad to connect to all other ground
layers for proper heat dissipation. Failure to do so can result in the IC repeatedly reaching thermal shutdown. Do not
use separate power and analog ground planes. Instead, use a single common ground and manage currents through
component placement. High-frequency return current flows through the path of least impedance (through the ground pour
directly underneath the corresponding traces).
USB traces must be routed as a 90Ω differential pair with an appropriate keep-out area. Avoid routing USB traces near
clocks and high-frequency switching nodes. The length of the routing should be minimized and avoid 90° turns, excessive
vias, and RF stubs.
Determining USB System Requirements
The nominal cable resistance (with tolerance) for both the USB power wire (BUS) and return GND should be determined
from the cable manufacturer. In addition, be sure to include the resistance from any inline or PCB connectors. Determine
the desired operating temperature range for the application, and consider the change in resistance over temperature.
A typical application presents a 200mΩ BUS resistance with a matching 200mΩ resistance in the ground path. In this
application, the voltage drop at the far end of the captive cable is 800mV when the load current is 2A. This voltage drop
requires the voltage-adjustment circuitry of the ICs to increase the output voltage to comply with the USB and Apple
specifications.
USB Loads
The MAX16984A is compatible with both USB-compliant and non-compliant loads. A compliant USB device is not allowed
to sink more then 30mA and must not present more than 10μF of capacitance when initially attached to the port. The
device then begins its D+/D- connection and enumeration process. After completion of the connect process, the device
can pull 100mA/150mA and must not present a capacitance > 10μF. This is considered the hot-inserted, USB-compliant
load of 44Ω||10μF.
For non-compliant USB loads, the ICs can also support both hot insertion and soft-start into a USB load of 2Ω||330μF.
Table 7. Recommended Output Filters For I
of 3A
LOAD
f
(kHz)
L
OUT
(μH)
RECOMMENDED C
OUT
SW
2200
1.5
22μF ceramic
488
488
310
8.2
8.2
20
3 x 22μF ceramic
22μF ceramic + low-ESR 68μF electrolytic (< 0.25Ω)
22μF ceramic + low-ESR 68μF electrolytic (< 0.25Ω)
USB Output Current Limit
The USB load current is monitored by an internal current-sense amplifier through the voltage created across R
.
SENSE
MAX16984A offers a digitally adjustable USB current-limit threshold. See Table 4 to select an appropriate resistor value
for the desired current limit.
www.maximintegrated.com
Maxim Integrated | 28
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
Some systems require the need to supply up to 160% of I
MAX16984A current limit beyond 3.04A (min) by decreasing R
for brief periods. It is possible to increase the
using this scaling factor:
LOAD(MAX)
SENSE
3.04A
R
= 33mΩ ·
SENSE
1.6 · I
LOAD MAX
(
)
USB Voltage Adjustment
Figure 4 shows a DC model of the voltage-correction function of MAX16984A. Without voltage adjustment (V
= 0,
ADJ
GAIN[4:0] = 0), the voltage seen by the device at the end of the cable will decrease linearly as load current increases.
To compensate for this, the output voltage of the buck converter should increase linearly with load current. The slope
R
SENSE
of SENSP is called R
such that V
= R
· I
and R
= GAIN 4 : 0 · R ·
LSB
(see Figure 5).
[
]
COMP
ADJ
COMP LOAD
COMP
33mΩ
The R
adjustment values available on MAX16984A are listed in the GAIN[4:0] register description and are based
COMP
on a 33mΩ sense resistor.
For V = V ; 0 ≤ I , R
LOAD
must equal the sum of the system resistances. Calculate the minimum
COMP
DUT
NO _ LOAD
R
for the system so that V
stays constant:
DUT
COMP
R
= R + R
+ R
+ R
+ R
CABLE _ VBUS CABLE _ GND
COMP _ SYS
LR
SENSE
PCB
Where R
+ R
is the round-trip resistance of the USB cable (including the effect from the cable
CABLE_VBUS
CABLE_GND
LR
shield, if it conducts current), R is the buck converter’s load regulation expressed in mΩ (51mΩ typ.), and R
is
PCB
the resistance of any additional V
parasitics (the V
FET, PCB trace, ferrites, and the USB connectors). Find the
BUS
BUS
setting for GAIN[4:0] using the minimum R
.
COMP
R
COMP_SYS
33mΩ
GAIN[4:0] = ceiling
·
R
R
(
)
LSB
SENSE
The nominal DUT voltage can then be estimated at any load current by:
R
SENSE
V
= V
+ R
· GAIN[4:0] ·
· I
− R · I
COMP _ SYS LOAD
DUT
NO _ LOAD
LSB
LOAD
33mΩ
R
LR
R
CABLE_VBUS
R
SENSE
R
PCB
V
ADJ
+
-
+
+
V
I
V
DUT
SENSP
LOAD
-
-
+
-
V
NO_LOAD
R
CABLE_GND
Figure 4. DC Voltage Adjustment Model
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Maxim Integrated | 29
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
GAIN[4:0]
31
6.8
6.6
6.4
6.2
6
VSUPSW=14V
RSENSE = 33mΩ
24
18
12
6
5.8
5.6
5.4
5.2
5
0
4.8
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
ILIM_SET = 3.14A (typ)
ILOAD(A)
Figure 5. Increase in SENSP vs. USB Current
Tuning of USB Data Lines
USB Hi-Speed mode requires careful PCB layout with 90Ω controlled differential impedance, with matched traces of
equal length, and with no stubs or test points. The MAX16984A includes highbandwidth USB data switches (> 1GHz).
This means data-line tuning may not be required. However, all designs are recommended to include pads that would
allow LC components to be mounted on the data lines so that tuning can easily be performed later, if necessary. Tuning
components should be placed as close as possible to the IC data pins, on the same layer of the PCB as the IC. The
proper configuration of the tuning components is shown in Figure 6. Figure 7 shows the reference eye diagram used
in the test setup. Figure 8 shows the MAX16984A high-voltage eye diagram on the standard EVKIT with no tuning
components. Tuning inductors should be high-Q wire-wound inductors. Contact Maxim’s application team for assistance
with the tuning process for your specific application.
MAX16984A
12nH
12nH
4.7nH
4.7nH
HVD-
D-
6pF
6pF
2pF
2pF
HVD+
D+
Figure 6. Tuning of Data Lines
www.maximintegrated.com
Maxim Integrated | 30
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
Figure 7. Near-Eye Diagram (with No Switch)
Figure 8. Untuned Near-Eye Diagram (with MAX16984A)
USB Data Line Common-Mode Choke Placement
Most automotive applications use a USB-optimized common-mode choke to mitigate EMI signals from both leaving and
entering the module. Optimal placement for this EMI choke is at the module’s USB connector. This common-mode choke
does not replace the need for the tuning inductors previously mentioned.
ESD Protection
The high-voltage MAX16984A requires no external ESD protection. All Maxim devices incorporate structures to protect
against electrostatic discharges encountered during handling and assembly. While competing solutions can latch up and
require cycling to resume operation after an ESD
event, the MAX16984A does not latch up after ESD events. When used with the configuration shown in the Typical
Application Circuit, the MAX16984A is characterized for protection to the following limits:
● ±15kV ISO 10605 (330pF, 2kΩ) Air-Gap
● ±8kV ISO 10605 (330pF, 2kΩ) Contact
● ±15kV IEC 61000-4-2 (150pF, 330Ω) Air-Gap
www.maximintegrated.com
Maxim Integrated | 31
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
● ±8kV IEC 61000-4-2 (150pF, 330Ω) Contact
● ±15kV ISO 10605 (330pF, 330Ω) Air Gap
● ±8kV ISO 10605 (330pF, 330Ω) Contact
Note: All application-level ESD testing is performed on the standard evaluation kit.
ESD Test Conditions
ESD performance depends on a variety of conditions. Contact Maxim for test setup, test methodology, and test results.
Human Body Model
Figure 9 shows the Human Body Model, and Figure 11 shows the current waveform it generates when discharged
into a low impedance. This model consists of a 100pF capacitor charged to the ESD voltage of interest, which is then
discharged into the device through a 1.5kΩ resistor.
IEC 61000-4-2
The IEC 61000-4-2 standard covers ESD testing and performance of finished equipment. MAX16984A helps users
design equipment that meets Level 4 of IEC 61000-4-2. The main difference between tests done using the Human Body
Model and IEC 61000-4-2 is a higher peak current in IEC 61000-4-2. Because the series resistance is lower in the IEC
61000-4-2 ESD test model (Figure 10), the ESD withstand-voltage measured to this standard is generally lower than that
measured using the Human Body Model Figure 12 shows the current waveform for the 8kV, IEC 61000-4-2 Level 4 ESD
Contact Discharge test. The Air-Gap Discharge test involves approaching the device with a charged probe. The Contact
Discharge method requires connecting the probe to the device before the probe is energized.
RC
RD
1MΩ
1500Ω
CHARGE-CURRENT-LIMIT
RESISTOR
DISCHARGE
RESISTANCE
HIGH-
VOLTAGE
DC
DEVICE
UNDER
TEST
CS
STORAGE
CAPACITOR
100pF
SOURCE
Figure 9. Human Body ESD Test Model
RC
RD
330Ω
50MΩ to 100MΩ
CHARGE-CURRENT-LIMIT
RESISTOR
DISCHARGE
RESISTANCE
HIGH-
VOLTAGE
DC
DEVICE
UNDER
TEST
CS
STORAGE
CAPACITOR
150pF
SOURCE
Figure 10. IEC 61000-4-2 ESD Test Model
www.maximintegrated.com
Maxim Integrated | 32
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
I
(AMPS)
PEAK
PEAK-TO-PEAK RINGING
I
100%
90%
r
(NOT DRAWN TO SCALE)
36.8%
10%
0
TIME
0
t
RL
t
DL
Figure 11. Human Body Current Waveform
I
(AMPS)
PEAK
100%
90%
10%
t
t
R
= 0.7ns TO 1ns
30ns
60ns
Figure 12. IEC 61000-4-2 Current Waveform
www.maximintegrated.com
Maxim Integrated | 33
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
Typical Application Circuit
USB-A PLUG
USB-A RECEPTACLE
1
VBUS
VBUS
2
3
4
10
9
28
6
1
2
3
4
D-
D+
D-
VBMON
HVD-
VBUS
D-
D+
7
D+
GND
HVD+
32
GND
0.1µF
BIAS
30
29
SENSN
SENSP
2.2µF
33mΩ
MAX16984A
VBAT
26
27
SUPSW
SUPSW
1.5µH
47µF
50V
10µF
50V
0.1µF
50V
20
21
19
22
23
LX
LX
0.1µF
BST
11
IN
22µF
+3.3V
PGND
PGND
100kΩ
100kΩ
PGND
D
I
12
14
18
25
17
13
G
I
T
A
L
ATTACH
FAULT
24
16
15
CONFIG1
CONFIG2
CONFIG3
ENBUCK
HVEN
S
I
G
N
A
L
DATA_MODE
SYNC
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
1-5
AGND
EP
S
4x
100kΩ
THM FOLDBACK GAIN[3:0]
GAIN[4]
ILIMIT
SPREAD SPECTRUM
SYNC DIRECTION
FSW
www.maximintegrated.com
Maxim Integrated | 34
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
Ordering Information
PART NUMBER
TEMP RANGE
PIN-PACKAGE
STARTUP MODE (DATA_MODE PIN = 0)
MAX16984AATJA/V+
MAX16984AATJB/V+
Auto-CDP
SDP Mode
-40ºC to +125ºC
32 TQFN-EP*
/V Denotes automotive qualified parts.
+ Denotes a lead(Pb)-free/RoHS-compliant package.
*EP = Exposed pad.
www.maximintegrated.com
Maxim Integrated | 35
MAX16984A
Automotive High-Current Step-Down Converter
with USB Protection/Host Charger Adapter
Emulator
Revision History
REVISION REVISION
PAGES
DESCRIPTION
CHANGED
NUMBER
DATE
0
2/20
Initial release
—
Updated Benefits and Features, Absolute Maximum Ratings, Package Information,
Electrical Characteristics, Typical Operating Characteristics, Pin Descriptions,
Detailed Description, Applications Information, and Ordering Information.
1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10,
12, 15–23, 26, 30
1
2
6/20
Updated Benefits and Features, Electrical Characteristics, Detailed Description, and
Applications Information
1, 5, 6, 18–26,
28–33
12/20
For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please visit Maxim Integrated’s online storefront at https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/storefront/storefront.html.
Maxim Integrated cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim Integrated product. No circuit patent
licenses are implied. Maxim Integrated reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time. The parametric values (min and max
limits) shown in the Electrical Characteristics table are guaranteed. Other parametric values quoted in this data sheet are provided for guidance.
Maxim Integrated and the Maxim Integrated logo are trademarks of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.
© 2020 Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.
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