MDEV-FFF-ES [LINX]
ES Series Master Development System;型号: | MDEV-FFF-ES |
厂家: | Linx Technologies |
描述: | ES Series Master Development System |
文件: | 总11页 (文件大小:2492K) |
中文: | 中文翻译 | 下载: | 下载PDF数据表文档文件 |
ES Series
Master Development System
User's Guide
Warning: Some customers may want Linx radio frequency (“RF”)
!
Table of Contents
products to control machinery or devices remotely, including machinery
or devices that can cause death, bodily injuries, and/or property
damage if improperly or inadvertently triggered, particularly in industrial
settings or other applications implicating life-safety concerns (“Life and
Property Safety Situations”).
1 Introduction
2 Ordering Information
3 ES Series Transmitter Development Boarad
4 ES Series Receiver Development Boarad
5 Using the Development Boards
5 Troubleshooting
NO OEM LINX REMOTE CONTROL OR FUNCTION MODULE
SHOULD EVER BE USED IN LIFE AND PROPERTY SAFETY
SITUATIONS. No OEM Linx Remote Control or Function Module
should be modified for Life and Property Safety Situations. Such
modification cannot provide sufficient safety and will void the product’s
regulatory certification and warranty.
6 The Prototyping Area
7 Using the Simplex Encoder / Decoder Section
7 Using the Data Squelch Circuit
8 Using the Encoder and Decoder
9 Range Testing
10 Host Interface Module
11 Master Development Software
11 About Antennas
Customers may use our (non-Function) Modules, Antenna and
Connectors as part of other systems in Life Safety Situations, but
only with necessary and industry appropriate redundancies and
in compliance with applicable safety standards, including without
limitation, ANSI and NFPA standards. It is solely the responsibility
of any Linx customer who uses one or more of these products to
incorporate appropriate redundancies and safety standards for the Life
and Property Safety Situation application.
12 Using the Boards as a Design Reference
12 In Closing
13 USB Host Interface Board Schematic
13 RS232 Host Interface Board Schematic
13 RF Section Schematic
14 Header Section Schematic
14 Squelch Circuit Schematic
14 Power Supply Section Schematic
15 Encoder/Decoder Section Schematic
Do not use this or any Linx product to trigger an action directly
from the data line or RSSI lines without a protocol or encoder/
decoder to validate the data. Without validation, any signal from
another unrelated transmitter in the environment received by the
module could inadvertently trigger the action.
All RF products are susceptible to RF interference that can prevent
communication. RF products without frequency agility or hopping
implemented are more subject to interference. This module does not
have a frequency hopping protocol built in.
Do not use any Linx product over the limits in this data guide.
Excessive voltage or extended operation at the maximum voltage could
cause product failure. Exceeding the reflow temperature profile could
cause product failure which is not immediately evident.
Do not make any physical or electrical modifications to any Linx
product. This will void the warranty and regulatory and UL certifications
and may cause product failure which is not immediately evident.
ES Series Master Development System
User's Guide
Figure 1: ES Series Master Development System
Introduction
The Linx ES Series RF modules offer a simple, efficient and cost-effective
method of adding wireless communication capabilities to any product. The
Master Development System gives a designer all the tools necessary to
correctly and legally incorporate the ES Series into an end product. The
development boards serve several important functions:
•ꢀ Rapid Module Evaluation: The boards allow the performance of the ES
Series modules to be quickly evaluated in a user’s environment.
•ꢀ Range Testing: Using the on-board encoders and decoders to
generate a simplex transmission, a pair of development boards can be
used to evaluate the range performance of the modules.
•ꢀ Design Benchmark: The boards provide a known benchmark against
which the performance of a custom design may be judged.
•ꢀ Application Development: An onboard prototyping area allows for the
development of custom circuits directly on the development board. All
signal lines are available on a header for easy access.
•ꢀ Protocol Development - The development system features a USB
or RS-232 interface board, which allows a designer to connect the
development board to a PC. Windows-based demonstration software
is also included, which allows for a variety of tests.
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Revised 3/18/2015
1
The Master Development System includes 2 development boards, one
set up for the transmitter and the other for the receiver, 2 ES Series
transmitters*, 2 ES Series receivers*, two CW Series antennas, 2 9V
batteries, demonstration software and full documentation.
ES Series Transmitter Development Boarad
5
*One part is soldered to the board, one extra for use on your first prototype board.
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Ordering Information
8
Ordering Information
1
Part Number
Description
MDEV-***-ES-USB ES Series Master Development System - USB
10
11
6
MDEV-***-ES-232
*** = 869, 916MHz
ES Series Master Development System - RS-232
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7
13
15
2
14
Figure 2: Ordering Information
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4
Figure 3: ES Series Transmitter Development Board
1. 9V Battery
2. DC Power Jack
3. On-Off Switch
4. Voltage Regulator
5. Host Interface Module
6. Prototype Area
7. Break-Out Header
8. ES Series Transmitter
9. RP-SMA Antenna Connector
10. MS Series Encoder
11. Baud Rate Selector Switches
12. MODE_IND LED
13. CREATE button
14. Buzzer Button (S3)
15. Relay Button (S2)
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2
ES Series Receiver Development Boarad
Using the Development Boards
All of the module’s connections are made available to the designer via the
wire-wrap header (TS1 / TS2). Jumper shunts have been provided. These
shunts are placed across adjacent pins to control the routing of TX and RX
data. After unpacking the development system, attach an antenna to each
board, install the supplied 9V battery, and turn on the power switches. The
development board is now ready for use.
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7
9
10
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8
Troubleshooting
If the boards fail to work out of the box, then try the following:
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12
•ꢀ Check the battery to make sure it is not dead.
•ꢀ Make sure that the antenna is connected.
•ꢀ Make sure that the jumpers are set correctly.
6
13
14
2
16
15
4
3
•ꢀ Ensure that the baud rate selector switches are set the same on both
boards.
Figure 4: ES Series Receiver Development Board
•ꢀ Create and learn a new address.
1. 9V Battery
2. DC Power Jack
3. On-Off Switch
4. Voltage Regulator
5. Host Interface Module
6. Prototype Area
7. Data Squelch Circuit
8. Break-Out Header
9. ES Series Receiver
If all of these appear to be in order, then you can call 800-736-6677 or
e-mail techsupport@linxtechnologies.com.
10. RP-SMA Antenna Connector
11. MS Series Decoder
12. Baud Rate Selector Switches
13. MODE_IND LED
14. LEARN Button
15. Buzzer
16. Relay Output
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4
The Prototyping Area
Using the Simplex Encoder / Decoder Section
In addition to their evaluation functions, the boards may also be used
for actual product development. They feature a prototyping area for the
addition of application-specific circuitry. The prototyping area is the same
on both boards and contains a large area of plated through-holes so that
external circuitry can be placed on the board. The holes are set at 0.1" on
center with a 0.04" diameter, making it easy to add most industry-standard
SIP and DIP packages to the board. This circuitry can be interfaced with
the ES transmitter or receiver through the breakout header to the right. At
the bottom of this area is a row connected to the 5V power supply and at
the top is a row connected to ground.
The transmitter board features an MS Series remote control encoder with
two push buttons and the receiver board features a decoder with a relay
output and a buzzer. When a button is pressed on the transmitter board,
the status of both buttons is captured and encoded into a data stream
for transmission. The data recovered by the receiver is decoded and the
decoder’s outputs are set to replicate the states of the encoder, driving
either the buzzer or the relay.
TS1
TS2
To activate this area of the board, the
module DATA line must be routed to
the encoder / decoder. Configure the
transmitter board for encoding and
transmission by placing a jumper across TX
DATA and ENCODER and across TX PDN
and PDN ENC on header TS1. Configure
the receiver board for reception and
decoding by placing a jumper across RX
DATA and DECODER on header TS2.
PDN ENC
TX PDN
PDN RS232
TX RS232
TX DATA
TX ENCODER
/CLK
/CLK SEL
LO V DET
NC
SQ. DATA
NC
AUDIO REF
AUDIO
RSSI
Note: The on-board 5-volt regulator has approximately 500mA of
headroom available for additional circuitry. If added circuitry requires a
higher current, the user must add an additional regulator to the prototype
area or power the board from an external supply.
RX DATA
RX DECODER
RX PDN
GND
TX
RX
Ground Bus
Figure 6: Jumper Configuration
Once the boards have been configured, place the receiver board on a flat
surface and turn it on. Turn on the transmitter board and press button S0.
You should hear the buzzer on the receiver board sound. Walk away from
the receiver to ascertain the useable range of the link in the environment.
Button S1 activates the relay on the receiver board. The relay’s SPST
contacts can be connected at J2. Any device up to 5A at 30VDC / 120VAC
may be switched through the relay. An external siren or light can be
connected to aid range testing if the on-board buzzer is not loud enough.
Regulator
+5 Volt Bus
Using the Data Squelch Circuit
A data squelch circuit is provided on the receiver development board.
This circuit is used to add both hysteresis and squelching capabilities as
detailed in the ES Series Receiver Data Guide. Since the ES Series receiver
output is not internally squelched, its output continually switches when no
transmission is present. This can cause interrupts and buffer overflows in
external circuitry. A squelch circuit helps eliminate this noise by providing
a qualification threshold for incoming data based on signal strength. This
circuit is not a substitute for robust protocol since squelch can be broken
by unintended interference.
Figure 5: The Development Board Prototyping Area
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6
To get a better idea of the circuit’s operation, clip an oscilloscope probe on
both RX DATA and SQ. DATA (Squelch Data). With the transmitter off, the
SQ. DATA line is high (which means that the output is squelched) while RX
DATA is switching randomly. Squelching is accomplished by comparing
RSSI with a voltage reference created by R17 (potentiometer), R18, and
R21. When the RSSI falls below the voltage set by this reference, the
output of the comparator (U6) is pulled to ground. This disables the data
slicer created with the additional comparator contained within U6. Figure
14 shows the schematic of this circuit.
Range Testing
Several complex mathematical models exist for determining path loss in
many environments. These models vary as the transmitter and receiver are
moved from indoor operation to outdoor operation. Although these models
can provide an estimation of range performance in the field, the most
reliable method is to simply perform range tests using the transmitter and
receiver in the intended operational environment.
Simple range testing can be performed with the transmitter and receiver
development boards. Pressing S0 on the transmitter activates the buzzer
on the receiver board, while S1 activates the relay.
Setting a higher squelch threshold reduces the random noise on the DATA
line but also reduces range. The squelch level affects only the threshold of
the data going to the RS-232 serial port and the SQ DATA line on TS2.
As the maximum range of the link in an area is approached, it is not
uncommon for the signal to cut in and out as the transmitter moves. This
is normal and can result from other interfering sources or fluctuating signal
levels due to multipath. Multipath results in cancellation of the transmitted
signal as direct and reflected signals arrive at the receiver at differing times
and phases. The areas in which this occurs are commonly called “nulls”
and simply walking a little further usually restores the signal. If this does not
restore the signal, then the maximum effective range of the link has been
reached.
To set squelch, turn off the transmitter and turn on the receiver. Place an
oscilloscope probe on the SQ DATA line, and adjust R17 until SQ DATA
remains high. Two resistors (R27 and R28) are used to connect the module
to the squelch circuit. These may be removed to disconnect the squelch
circuit and prevent it from slightly loading the AUDIO and AUDIO REF lines.
Using the Encoder and Decoder
The MS Series encoder and decoder use a 24-bit address to provide
uniqueness to the transmission and to prevent unintended activation.
The development boards come with a default address. To create a new
address, press and hold the CREATE button on the transmitter board.
The address is randomized for as long as the button is held down. Once
released, the MODE_IND LED begins flashing to indicate that the encoder
is ready to accept Control Permissions. Press the Buzzer and/or Relay
buttons to tell the encoder that they will be used. Press the Create button
again to exit Create Mode, or let the encoder time out after 15 seconds.
Since the evaluation boards are intended for use by design engineers,
they are not FCC certified. The transmitter has been set to approximate
legal limits by resistor R29 so that the range test results will approximate
the results from a well-designed, certified product. For applications where
Part 15 limits are not applicable or output levels can be legally raised due
to protocol duty cycle, R29 can be changed according to the attenuation
graph in the ES Series Transmitter Data Guide.
To achieve maximum range, keep objects such as your hand away from
the antenna and ensure that the antenna on the transmitter has a clear and
unobstructed line-of-sight path to the receiver board. Range performance
is determined by many interdependent factors. If the range you are able to
achieve is significantly less than specified by Linx for the products you are
testing, then there is likely a problem with either the board or the ambient
RF environment in which the board is operating. First, check the battery,
switch positions, and antenna connection. Next, measure the receiver’s
RSSI voltage with the transmitter turned off to determine if ambient
interference is present. If this fails to resolve the issue, please contact Linx
technical support.
On the decoder board, press the LEARN button and the MODE_IND
LED begins flashing to indicate that the decoder is ready to learn a new
address. Press one of the authorized buttons on the transmitter board to
send a signal. Press the LEARN button again to exit Learn Mode, or let the
decoder time out after 17 seconds and the system is ready for use.
The encoder and decoder operate on one of four different baud rates as
set by the baud rate selector switches. A faster baud rate gives a faster
response time. Please see the encoder or decoder data guide for the
settings. If the switch is up then it is connected to Vcc, if it is down then it
is connected to GND.
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9
8
support error detection and correction if it is to be successful. A correctly
designed protocol will provide optimum performance and throughput for
product specific applications while taking into account the timing and
data-rate requirements of the module. For further information on protocol
considerations please refer to Application Note AN-00160.
Host Interface Module
The ES Master Development System
features a Host Interface socket, which
allows the use of two different PC interface
modules. The first is a USB interface
module that uses a standard USB cable to
connect to a PC’s USB port or a USB hub.
The second type of module is a RS-232
interface module that can be connected
to a standard serial COM port on a PC
using a straight-through 9-pin extension
cable (not included). The evaluation board
is considered a DCE device and as such
is designed to be connected using a
straight-thru serial extension cable. Do not
use a null-modem cable as the boards will
not function.
If the designer needs to develop protocols using a physical implementation
other than an RS-232 or USB interface, the designer can build the custom
interface circuitry in the prototyping area and route the module’s data
signals from the header to the prototyping area.
Figure 7: USB Interface Module
Master Development Software
The development system is supplied with Windows-based software that
facilitates communication with the development boards through the Host
Interface Module. This software allows for testing and illustrates basic
implementation of the modules as a wireless serial link. The user selects
either a USB or RS-232 connection and whether the connected board is
the transmitter or receiver. The user can then send text, ASCII characters,
and even a picture. Documentation for the software may be found by going
to the ‘Help’ menu then ‘Help File’.
Figure 8: RS-232 Interface Module
To install, select the module to be used
and then line up the pins on the module
with the headers on the board. Verify that the pin one polarity marks on the
board and on the Host Interface Module match. The USB jack or the D-sub
connector should face away from the board. Press firmly on the module so
that it slides fully into the header.
Terminal emulation programs, such as HyperTerminal, do not provide
error correction; therefore, bit errors or data line hashing are displayed as
random characters. Some form of error detection should be employed
when developing a protocol for wireless environments (please see
Application Note AN-00160).
TS1
TS2
The development system may be prepared
for host operation with the supplied Linx
software by setting the jumpers on the
header as shown in the adjacent figure.
This routes the module’s data lines to
the Host Interface Module. Despite being
electrically interfaced, appropriate protocol
must be employed to ensure reliable and
error-free data transfer since the ES Series
modules do not encode or packetize the
PDN ENC
TX PDN
PDN RS232
TX RS232
TX DATA
TX ENCODER
/CLK
/CLK SEL
LO V DET
NC
SQ. DATA
NC
AUDIO REF
AUDIO
About Antennas
RSSI
The choice of antennas is one of the most critical and often overlooked
design considerations. The range, performance, and legality of an RF link
are critically dependent upon the type of antenna employed. Linx offers
a variety of antenna styles that can be considered for a design. Included
with the kit is a Linx CW Series connectorized whip antenna that should
be connected prior to using the kit. Despite the fact that the antenna is
not centered on the board’s ground plane, it exhibits a VSWR of <1.7 and
suitably demonstrates the module’s best practical performance.
RX DATA
RX DECODER
RX PDN
GND
TX
RX
Figure 9: Jumper Configuration
data in any manner. It is important to understand that the development
boards are transparent; that is, the user’s software is entirely responsible
for controlling the timing and error correction aspects of the link. The
evaluation boards have no provision to check or qualify the incoming data.
When designing a protocol to transfer data across a wireless link, it is very
important to remember that interference is inevitable. The protocol must
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11
Using the Boards as a Design Reference
USB Host Interface Board Schematic
The master development boards included in this kit are very simple, yet
they illustrate some important techniques that should be incorporated
into the board layout. The module’s mounting pads extend slightly past
the edge of the part. This eases hand assembly and allows for better
heat conduction under the part if rework is necessary. A full ground plane
fill is placed on the bottom of the board. This ground plane serves three
important purposes:
J2
USB-B
4
3
2
1
U1
SDM-USB-QS-S
GND
GND
HIB-DIPMODULE
J1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
DAT+
DAT -
5V
USBDP
RI
DCD
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
16
GND
GND
GND
GND
NC
GND
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
USBDM
GND
NC
GND
DSR
NC
NC
NC
RX DATA
TX DATA
RTS/TRSEL
DTR/PDN
GND
RX DATA
TX DATA
TRSEL
PDN
RX DATA
TX DATA
TRSEL
VCC
DATA_IN
DATA_OUT
RTS
VCC
NC
SUSP_IND
RX_IND
TX_IND
485_TX
GND GND
NC
GND
GND
CTS
PDN
DTR
Figure 10: USB Host Interface Board Schematic
First, since a quarter-wave antenna is employed, the ground plane is
critical to serve as a counterpoise (please see Application Note AN-00500
“Antennas: Design, Application, and Performance” for details on how a
ground plane affects antenna function).
RS232 Host Interface Board Schematic
VCC
VCC
Second, a ground plane will suppress the transfer of noise between stages
of a product, as well as unintentional radiation of noise into free space.
C1
+
C2
+
3.3uF
4.7uF
J2
J1
RS-232
U1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
MAX232
GND
GND
GND
GND
1
6
2
7
3
8
4
9
5
NC
NC
NC
+
+
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
GND
C3
C1+
V+
VCC
GND
NC
3.3uF
NC
RX DATA
TX DATA
RTS/TRSEL
DTR/PDN
GND
RX RS232
C1-
T1OUT
R1IN
TR SEL
Third, a ground plane allows for the implementation of a microstrip feed
between the module and the antenna. The term microstrip refers to a PCB
trace running over a ground plane that is designed to serve as a 50-ohm
transmission line. See the ES Series data guide or the calculator available
on our website for details on microstrip calculations.
VCC
GND
VCC
NC
TX RS232
TR SEL
PDN
C2+
C2-
R1OUT
T1IN
TX RS232
NC
C4
V-
GND
GND
3.3uF
T2OUT
R2IN
T2IN
RX RS232
PDN
R2OUT
HIB-DIPMODULE
GND
C5
3.3uF
GND
+
GND
Figure 11: RS232 Host Interface Board Schematic
In Closing
Here at Linx, “Wireless Made Simple” is more than just our motto, it is our
commitment. A commitment to the highest caliber of product, service,
and support. That is why, should you have questions or encounter any
difficulties using the evaluation kit, you’ll be glad to know many resources
are available to assist you. First, check carefully for the obvious, then
visit our website at www.linxtechnologies.com or call +1 541 471 6256
between 8AM and 4PM Pacific Time to speak with an application engineer.
RF Section Schematic
ANT1
CONREVSMA001
GND GND
RX = NS
TX = NS
U2
U3
1
2
3
4
5
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
16
TX PDN
VCC
PDN
LADJ
VCC
GND
DATA
ANT
GND
ANT
GND
NC
NC
R29
22K
9
8
7
6
15
GND
GND
GND
NC
Legal Notice: All Linx kits and modules are designed in keeping with
high engineering standards; however, it is the responsibility of the user to
ensure that the products are operated in a legal and appropriate manner.
The purchaser understands that legal operation may require additional
permits, approvals, or certifications prior to use, depending on the
country of operation.
R14
14
LO_V_D
/CLK SEL
/CLK
LO V DET
/CLK SEL
/CLK
PDN
RX PDN
RSSI
220 ohm
GND
13
GND
VCC
GND
VCC
NC
RSSI
12
TX DATA
DATA
RX DATA
AUDIO
TXM-XXX-ES
11
AUDIO
10
NC
A REF
AUDIO REF
9
NC
NC
RXM-XXX-ES
Figure 12: RF Section Schematic
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13
Header Section Schematic
Encoder/Decoder Section Schematic
RX = NS
GND TS1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
GND TS2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
J3
LO V DET
/CLK SEL
/CLK
RX PDN
RX DEC
RX DATA
RSSI
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
GND
GND
NC
NC
NC
VCC
NC
NC
GND
NC
NC
GND
TX ENC
TX DATA
TX RS232
PDN RS232
TX PDN
RX DATA
TX DATA
RTS/TRSEL
DTR/PDN
GND
RX RS232 SQ
TX RS232
AUDIO
VCC
GND
AUDIO REF
10
11
PDN RS232
GND
RX RS232 SQ
9
PDN ENC
GND
CON9
CON11
HOST MODULE
TX = NS
Proto Signal Header
Host Interface Header
2
1
Figure 13: Header Section Schematic
Squelch Circuit Schematic
VCC
VCC VCC
TX = NS
R22
R21
39K
R23
10K
RX RS232 SQ
R27
390K
R24
R17
5K
U6
1
2
3
4
8
7
6
5
2M
OUTA VCC
INA- OUTB
R19
39K
R25
RSSI
INA+
GND
INB-
INB+
AUDIO REF
10K
R26
0
R18
10K
R20
2M
C2
0.01uF
R28
LMV393
AUDIO
10K
0
GND
GND
GND
GND
Figure 14: Squelch Circuit Schematic
Power Supply Section Schematic
J1
U1
LM7805 5V REGULATOR VCC
3
SW1
1
Vin
Vout
POWER SWITCH
PWRJACK
+
C1
220uF
D11
DIODE400
B1
9V BATTERY
GND
GND
GND GND
Figure 15: Power Supply Section Schematic
Figure 16: Encoder/Decoder Section Schematic
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Linx Technologies
159 Ort Lane
Merlin, OR, US 97532
Phone: +1 541 471 6256
Fax: +1 541 471 6251
www.linxtechnologies.com
Disclaimer
Linx Technologies is continually striving to improve the quality and function of its products. For this reason, we
reserve the right to make changes to our products without notice. The information contained in this Data Guide
is believed to be accurate as of the time of publication. Specifications are based on representative lot samples.
Values may vary from lot-to-lot and are not guaranteed. “Typical” parameters can and do vary over lots and
application. Linx Technologies makes no guarantee, warranty, or representation regarding the suitability of any
product for use in any specific application. It is the customer’s responsibility to verify the suitability of the part for
the intended application. NO LINX PRODUCT IS INTENDED FOR USE IN ANY APPLICATION WHERE THE SAFETY
OF LIFE OR PROPERTY IS AT RISK.
Linx Technologies DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. IN NO EVENT SHALL LINX TECHNOLOGIES BE LIABLE FOR ANY OF CUSTOMER’S INCIDENTAL OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING IN ANY WAY FROM ANY DEFECTIVE OR NON-CONFORMING PRODUCTS
OR FOR ANY OTHER BREACH OF CONTRACT BY LINX TECHNOLOGIES. The limitations on Linx Technologies’
liability are applicable to any and all claims or theories of recovery asserted by Customer, including, without
limitation, breach of contract, breach of warranty, strict liability, or negligence. Customer assumes all liability
(including, without limitation, liability for injury to person or property, economic loss, or business interruption) for
all claims, including claims from third parties, arising from the use of the Products. The Customer will indemnify,
defend, protect, and hold harmless Linx Technologies and its officers, employees, subsidiaries, affiliates,
distributors, and representatives from and against all claims, damages, actions, suits, proceedings, demands,
assessments, adjustments, costs, and expenses incurred by Linx Technologies as a result of or arising from any
Products sold by Linx Technologies to Customer. Under no conditions will Linx Technologies be responsible for
losses arising from the use or failure of the device in any application, other than the repair, replacement, or refund
limited to the original product purchase price. Devices described in this publication may contain proprietary,
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